How is Elizabeth Bennet Presented & How Does she Change in the Novel ? Essay

Elizabeth Bennet is second eldest daughter of the Bennet sisters. Although the novel doesn’t have a specific narrator she is used more than any other character as a centre of consciousness, meaning she is the main focus of the reader’s interest. In the novel she is a heroine, however she does make a few mistakes and doesn’t have the characteristics of one. We can tell from how Mr. Bennet’s speaks of Lizzy that she is his favourite daughter, â€Å"I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy† and when Mrs. Bennet says he will not do such a thing, that she is less good looking than Jane and not half as good-humoured as Lydia, he replies â€Å"They have none of them much to recommend them†¦ they are all silly and ignorant, like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters.† She has many witty and tantalizing conversations, where she likes to drop in her strong and independent views. When Jane is ill at Netherfield, Lizzy goes to visit her, with Jane in bed, Mr. Darcy, Mr. Bingley, Lizzy and the Bingley sisters are talking, Darcy and Bingley listing what makes up an ‘accomplished woman’ Elizabeth declares that she â€Å"never saw such capacity, and taste, and application, and elegance, as you describe, united,† implying that Darcy is far too demanding. Most of the interactions between Darcy and Elizabeth take the forms of banter or agrument, with Lizzy’s words making Darcy’s admiration towards her stronger, once he moves past his initial prejudice. She is a very playful and spirited women who enjoys to laugh at people, including herself. We are told after Darcy refuses to dance with her that, â€Å"she told the story with great spirit among her friends; for she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous.† As I said before this is the humour that attracts Darcy. It is not only her wit that Darcy admires, for when she remarks â€Å"Mr. Darcy is all politeness† as a way of avoiding to dance with him, we can she is also hitting back at his rudeness with this sarcastic comment. Elizabeth is one of the most active and strong characters in the novel. â€Å"Elizabeth continued her walk alone †¦ springing over puddles with impatient activity and finding herself at last within view of the house, with weary ankles, dirty stockings and a face glowing with the warmth of exercise.† She walks into the huge house of Netherfield not worrying about what she looks like or what others think of her. Miss Bingley is shocked at her dirty petticoat whereas Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley find this vigour attractive. Chapter 36 is an essential passage as it marks the turnaround in Elizabeth’s opinion. From Elizabeth’s first aquaintance with Darcy she thought him to be a proud and disagreeable, especially when he repiled to Bingley’s comment of how Elizabeth is just as pretty as Jane with â€Å"She (Lizzy) is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me†. She could never figure out why he was such good friends with Bingley as theyare the complete opersite. Although, Darcy’s ignorance and pride doesn’t change Lizzy eventually comes to see his kindness and his nobility through his actions towards his sister, towards her sisters (Jane and Lydia) as well as the way he comes to not only love her, but to respect her and see her as an equal as well. This is helped majorly by the letter she re-reads a few times until she fully understands what she thought she had sussed out, realizing that she has much less able to understand the natures of people around her than she thought, especially being prejudice towards Darcy and in favor of Wickham. As well as misreading Darcy and Wickham she also recognizes that when Darcy described her family, she at first thought it as rude but then remembers how embarressed she was by her mother, Mrs. Bennet boasting so incredible loud about Mr. Bingley and Jane that Mr. Darcy could over hear and with her sister playing too long on the piano. She understands how wrong she has been and is very humiliated, â€Å"She grew absolutely ashamed of herself †¦ How despicably have I acted †¦ till this moment I never knew my self’’

British Influence in American Culture

To this day, the influence of early British colonists can be felt in multiple facets of American life. This is far more than can be said for the limited authority manifested in present day American culture in regard for Spanish colonialism and subsequent influence. Perhaps the most glaring of influences credited to the country of Great Britain, is the fact that the English language remains the official form of communication throughout the whole of the country.Although Spanish is spoken extensively, currently with nearly 31 million speakers in the United States, this only accounts for approximately ten per cent of the population, whereas English accounts for nearly a full hundred per cent. Further support for the claim comes in the form of the country’s religious practices. Although the presence of a myriad of religions is a reality in America, by and large, Protestantism has been the focal point for many of its citizens, a direct result of British Anglicanism.Of all the religi ous bodies which were brought from the Old World to the New during the entire colonial period, none received so much assistance from the mother country in gaining a foothold in America as did the Church of England . Additionally, it is possible to look to the architecture of most American homes to establish the root influence responsible for them. Although more popular in the American southwest than in other regions, the so-called Spanish style can only account for roughly 7 per cent of designs.The Tudor style, of British origins is far more popular in the U. S. Bibliography. Religion in Colonial America, William Warren Sweet. Cooper Square Publishers, 1965, NY. Colonial America, Richard Middleton. Blackwell Publishers, 1996, Cambridge, Masachusetts. American Colonies and the British Empire 1607-1763, Kenneth M. Stampp. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1834, NY. American Colonies, Alan Taylor. Viking Publishers, 2001, NY. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. HTTP://www. wikipedia. org

Administrative Law for Ombudsman Enterprise -myassignmenthelp

The level of powers and responsibilities which are vested in the administrative agencies of Australian governments are known as Australian administrative law. Basically it is a common law system where statutory overlays are increasing and the focus of which have been changed towards tribunals having extensive jurisdictions and a codified system of judicial review. A well developed ombudsman system is possessed by Australia along with legislations related to the freedom of legislations which are influenced by international models[1]. The comment and notice requirements of delegated legislation designing are influenced by the United States. An office of ombudsman exists both at state and commonwealth levels who have been provided with broad range of powers towards investigating actions related to administrative matters. Administrative law is brought in place so as to ensure quick and appropriate justice to the citizens. However it is against the concept of separation of powers which pr ovides that the judiciary, the executive and the legislative have different and independent roles to play in the society. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether ombudsman and administrative law at state level is appropriate to deal with the relationship between the state of Tasmania and the citizens in 2017. The role of an ombudsman is primarily investigative. It has to investigate the complaints made by the members of the public and in addition it has to investigate on own initiatives of the offices known as own motion investigation. Initially the investigation is privately conducted in an informal manner in form of preliminary inquiries. The powers of an ombudsman are similar to that of a royal commission which is to require examination and attendance of witness, administration of oaths, to enter premises and to require the production of documents[2]. In case it is believed by the ombudsman that an agency has not taken appropriate steps in relation to a particular matter reporting can be done by it to the state government. Tight budgetary restrictions have been imposed on the ombudsman recently. Many activities also have been removed by from the authority of ombudsman due to the introduction of privatization. In Tasmania ombudsman operates successfully and freely and act in public interest so as to improve the standard of public administration in Tasmania and resolve complaints. A few issues which are included by OT are related to the functioning of Tasmanian government agencies and departments, provisions related to services provided by local government, the welfare and treatment of people in prison and actions related to administration of the state owned businesses along with government business enterprises[3]. OT is an independent officer which is appointed by the governor who is directly answerable to the parliament. The OT investigates the administrative actions taken by public authorities so that it can be ensured that they are taking lawful, fair and reasonable actions.   The OT works in objective, impartial and independent way in order to resolve complaints along with addressing systematic problems so as to enhance the standard and quality of Tasmanian public administration.   The OT supervises over local councils,government departments, sewage and water corporations, stated owned companies, prisons and government enterprises. Investigation can be made by the OT on their own known as â€Å"Own motion†along with a complaint made by the public. As provided by James ombudsman are very effective to enhance the relationship between the state and the citizens as it involves no cost, it is independent from the government, it provides a remedies for bad practices and when it comes to state ombudsman they have the power of offering conciliation services along with investigations[4]. However, according to buckombudsman cannot provide quick solutions to problems which are complex[5]. In addition as provided by Beckman ombudsman are not effective as the person making a complaint has no control over investigation as the ombudsman do not act specifically for the complainant and can even refuse to deal with particular matters[6]. In addition the decisions which are made by ombudsman are not binding decisions. The law which governs the decisions and actions of government decision makers is known as administrative law. Administrative actions, administrative decisions and administrative law are similar terms which can be used simultaneously. The area of Administrative law also covers the right of appealing against an administrative decision related to the question of Administrative review. Administrative law is predominant in the society. It affects building permits, car licensing, dog registration, water, sewerage, roads and mostly all sectors of society are covered by administrative law and therefore its functioning have a significant effect on the relationship between states and citizens. The decision of the local Council to impose a charge for sewerage or road works, the verdict of a government board towards acceptance rejection of an application related to the registration of a graduate as a teacher and the decision to revoke or grant car license are all parts of Administrative law. Administrative agencies work closely with the society as compared to the Legislature. The decision which is taken by administrative officials has to be in accordance to the existing laws. Although they have the power to make a decision their decisions cannot be influenced by corruption or personal preferences.   The decisions of any administrative body is legally binding. However the citizens have the right to make an appeal against such decisions. Appeals are usually made to an Administrative Tribunal which has the capacity to review the merit of the decision. Further the decision of an Administrative Tribunal can be appealed against in court. In such circumstances the court does not have power to comment on the merit of the decision made by administrative tribunals the court only analyses whether such decisions have been made correctly in accordance to the laws or not. A person who has grievances against the decision made by administrative body can make a complaint to ombudsman of the particular state, administrative appeal to a tribunal, administrative review to a magistrate Court or Judicial review to the Supreme Court[7]. In Tasmania particularly citizens can appeal at Resource Management Planning and Appeal Tribunal and Tasmanian Public Housing Review Committee. It has to be noted that decisions which are provided by the public housing cannot be reviewed by the Supreme Court as they do not fall under the scope of Administrative decisions under the Judicial Review Act 2000. A person who is affected by the decision of the administrative body can make an appeal against the decision however in case the partner or ex-partner of such person is affected by such decision substantially can also make an appeal. There are a few legislations which provides that interested parties make an appeal against administrative bodies. For instance as provided by the Ombudsman Act 1978 where there is a question with respect to the jurisdiction of the ombudsman towards conducting an investigation into a complaint a party who is interested make an application before the supreme court to determine the question related to the jurisdiction[8]. Interested parties may include the administrative body, the principal officer of the administrative body, the Minister who is responsible for the decision and any person who has made the decision or the complaints[9]. The need for administrative law and Society is very high. It is not possible for the legislature to enact laws for each and every circumstances. The administrative bodies who deal closely with the society understand the functioning of the society and are in a much better position than the Legislature to handle the specific situation. However for a person to make a review against in administrative body’s decision there must be appropriate grounds for making such appeals[10]. Speaking technically judicial functions are primarily vested in the courts. The Commonwealth constitution does not follow the doctrine of separation of powers as quickly as it is followed by other countries. In Australia judicial powers are vested in both Federal and state courts however it is not compulsory that only these courts have the power to exercise judicial functions. In Australia judicial powers are delegated to other bodies which do not fall within the scope of ordinary courts. Administrative bodies can be better than ordinary quotes with respect to disposing cases in a timely way. In addition adjudication of Administrative tribunals are much cheaper as compared to court adjudication. The system of Administrative Agencies is flexible as well as informal as compared to the stringent and rigid common court proceedings. Administrative bodies or agencies usually have experts who have increased knowledge in a particular field or domain and therefore they are in a better positio n to understand a particular matter as compared to the judges in the court only have legal knowledge. However as provided by Barnett administrative bodies suffer from a lack of legal expertise many members of the administrative agencies are selected from diverse backgrounds and thus they do not have any legal knowledge required to adjudicate disputes[11].   Moreover Rose et al. have provided that there is always a fear of partiality with respect to the decision of Administrative agencies as most of the members of Administrative tribunals add employees of various Agencies all offices and therefore there decisions may not be particularly free and they may be bias or partial towards a particular agency[12]. The most debate full criticism provided against the system of Administrative law is that it violates the doctrine of separation of powers as it is the quotes who have been provided the authority to deal with legal matters. Ombudsman is an initiative which would ensure that there is a body to supervise over the decisions of Administrative bodies. In addition as a moment can carry out investigation in relation to and administrative party without any complain there is always a fear in mind of the administrative officials that a Watchdog is keeping an eye on the activities and therefore they must act in accordance with law. For the purpose of promoting a healthy relationship between the citizens and the state the proper functioning of the administrative bodies has to be insured. Just and fair decisions provided by the administrative bodies would ensure that the faith of people is entrusted into the governance of the state. Ombudsman is an efficient tool despite all criticism to ensure proper functioning of the administrative bodies. This can be said because even though the decisions of ombudsman and not binding the Parliament can take necessary action against administrative bodies if proper proof is provid ed to it by the ombudsman. Even though ombudsman do not investigate into specific matters the investigation can also be initiated by them on their own therefore they are able to keep an eye on the functions of the administrative bodies. Although ombudsman is a modest tool which does not have access to much power it has significant influence on ensuring good administration, safeguarding human rights, preventing corruption and initiating positive policy making. The most user friendly public administration is brought into effect by the use of ombudsman as provided by Leyland[13]. Through the process of Investigation and reviews ombudsman stop the violation of human rights and ensures consequences for any violation. Through adding to the process of changing and formulating policies ombudsman makes a contribution towards removing any inefficiencies and deficiencies related to the function of the state along with removal of any potential causes of social conflict. It not only strengthens democracy but also modernizes state institution. However it is not easy to measure how effective the work of an ombudsman is as the role played by him in the society constitutes of many functions such as dealing with complaint, interventions, identification and removal of irregularities, supervising the function of the state bodies and recommending a course of action to enhance the functions of the state. The concept of ombudsman and the principles of Administrative law must work hand in hand in order to ensure that a healthy relationship is established between the citizens and the state in the modern day. As administrative law is present in almost every part of the society there may be situation giving rise to personal preferences and corruption taking over the duty to act in accordance to the legal provisions. Such situations are addressed by an ombudsman so as to trigger best quality pubic administration and healthy citizen and state relationships. Barnett, Hilaire.  Constitutional and administrative law. Taylor & Francis, 2017. Beckman, Ludvig, and Fredrik Uggla. "An Ombudsman for Future Generations, Legitimate and Effective?." (2016): 117-134. Buck, Trevor, and Richard Kirkham.  The ombudsman enterprise and administrative justice. Routledge, 2016. G Fleming, ’Civil Administration Review – Issues in Practice’ (2003 conference paper) Leyland, Peter, and Gordon Anthony.  Textbook on administrative law. Oxford University Press, 2016 R McLead, ’25 Years of the Cth ombudsman’ (2002 Conference Presentation) R Snell and E Wells, ‘Serial Applicants – Troublesome Users and Abusers or Necessary Agitators’ (2006) AIAL Forum Paper. R snell, Review of Ombudsman Act: Position Paper (2004) Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Peter L. Lindseth, and Blake Emerson, eds.  Comparative administrative law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Reflection paper - Essay Example Each one of us is familiar with the experience of having to drive several times around city blocks looking for parking space. In this article, Donald Shoup says that various studies have shown that on average 36% of cars in congested downtown traffic were cruising, looking for curb parking. The article cites a 2008 study for a 15-block area of Upper West side of Manhattan where the average cruising time was only 3.1 minutes and the average cruising distance only 0.37 miles. Even for such small time and distance, the high traffic density causes 366,000 miles of excess travel that puts out 325 tons of carbon dioxide every year into the atmosphere in the area. As we know from our own experience, cruising times and distances in most large cities is several times larger than the Manhattan area numbers cited above. Urban planners have sought to remedy urban parking problems by legislation requiring any new redevelopment plans in downtown areas to provide space for off-street parking. The high prices for land in such areas or the simple fact of non-availability of sufficient land have prevented much needed redevelopment in crowded downtown areas. The second solution attempted has been to install parking meters and charge high prices for parking and time limits such as 30 minutes or one hour for parking. These time limits are often impractical. For example someone going for a meal in a restaurant or for a show in a theater would need much longer parking time. High parking rates are also opposed by retailers and businesses in the area that fear that these rates would drive their customers away to other streets where parking may be easier. Donald Shoup advocates a deceptively simple solution for the urban parking problem. He recommends that parking prices be set to achieve an optimum 85% occupancy rate which translates to 1 or 2 open slots in a city

From the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

From the book - Essay Example In our present political system, the Democrats can be considered as liberals due to the parallelism of their party ideology to liberalism. a. Conservatism Conservatism is often considered to be a right wing political ideology that seeks to uphold the traditional institutions in society. As an ideology, conservatism seeks to emphasize stability of how things were done and values continuity. Famous thinkers who advocated conservatism were Aristotle and Edmund Burke who presupposed that to change societies, it has to be understood at its present form, accept them as they are and help them evolve rather make a radical change. Conservatives, as what the proponents of conservatism are called, believed in the evolution of society as an agent of change rather than the radical or revolutionary change. In principle, conservatives were opposed to the kind of revolution such as the French Revolution and its kindred revolution. Conservatives believes and favors more the gradual change that does n ot shake society to maintain its stability rather a radical transformation. It grounds its ideology based on the reality of society and not on certain ideas of what an ideal society should be such as the society that Marx’s Communism envisioned. Such, conservatives are known to be realist than idealist. b. Socialism Socialism differentiates from capitalism in a way that its mode of production are owned or controlled by its workers and business does not exist. Industries exist only to satisfy a certain need or demand and its production and distribution is done through a centralized planning or planned by the state. Socialism is said to be the stage before achieving the final stage of communism. As a political ideology, socialism is characterized with the common ownership of the modes of production that it is not intended for profit but rather to satisfy a demand and to fulfill human needs. Since ownership of the modes of production is communal, it meant that no individual has the right to control the modes of production or resources. Production also is not intended for business but for use and to satisfy the needs of society rather than the accumulation of wealth through profit. Proceeds of the output of production is distributed according to individual contribution instead of salary as we know it. c. Fascism Fascism is a political ideology that aims to consolidate a country in terms of their national identity based on their heredity or race under a state that mobilizes its citizen through stringent discipline and mass political indoctrination. Its government is dictatorial and considers conflict as a necessity to achieve national goal. Fascism shares a trait with socialism that the modes of production are not controlled by an individual but by the state. But unlike socialism that does not entertain private enterprise, fascism promotes the regulation of private enterprise when it is beneficial to the state. Its economic goal is self-sufficiency. Governme nts that once were fascists were Italy under Benito Mussolin and Germany under Adolf Hitler. d. Anarchism.   The mainstream anarchist ideology such as that of Bakunin opposes any form of authority or institutions that will govern individuals and society and

Muslim Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Muslim Women - Essay Example Women constitute a group whose rights are systematically violated around the world. A holistic look at an average Muslim woman’s life can help determine the allocation of inferior rights in Islam. In most Muslim countries, especially in the rural regions of developing countries, if girls are born, they are considered as a burden on the family for reasons associated with fear of loss of dignity and honor and as a symbol of inferiority as they are viewed as a cumbersome duty levied on the parents. The omnipresence of these notions varies only slightly across different cultures, but what is important to note here is that these notions are almost ubiquitous. Moreover, upon reaching adolescence, women are obliged by Islamic law to wear hijab (veil) which serves the purpose of covering all of their body from head to toe except the face and hands. In a modern, globalized society like today's, this obligation works more on the subconscious than on the conscious side of the mind. It re inforces the flawed image of patriarchy, in the minds of women, as a self-sustaining way of nature and further suppresses women in society. This carries on to wider scales of inequality where women are subject to ‘the glass ceiling effect’. It is an illusionary structure whereby women are made to believe they can acquire key positions, instead of women are made to go through the male-dominated ways of the world only to fail at the end. There is a large difference in the number of women in international arenas concerning politics.... A holistic look at an average Muslim woman’s life can help determine the allocation of inferior rights in Islam. In most Muslim countries, especially in the rural regions of developing countries, if girls are born, they are considered as a burden on the family for reasons associated with fear of loss of dignity and honour and as a symbol of inferiority as they are viewed as a cumbersome duty levied on the parents. The omnipresence of these notions varies only slightly across different cultures, but what is important to note here is that these notions are almost ubiquitous. Moreover, upon reaching adolescence, women are obliged by Islamic law to wear hijab (veil) which serves the purpose of covering all of their body from head to toe except the face and hands. In a modern, globalised society like todays, this obligation works more on the subconscious than on the conscious side of the mind. It reinforces the flawed image of patriarchy, in the minds of women, as a self-sustaining way of nature and further suppresses women in society. This carries on to wider scales of inequality where women are subject to ‘the glass ceiling effect’. It is an illusionary structure whereby women are made to believe they can acquire key positions, instead women are made to go through the male-dominated ways of the world only to fail at the end. That is precisely why there is a large difference in the number of men and women in international arenas concerning politics, administration and business. An issue that combines traditional Islamic ideology with the modern new-age thinking is the fact that, emerging neo-modern schools of thought promoting women’s rights are artlessly classified as ‘secular Muslim feminism’. This has

Modern Dance and Ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern Dance and Ballet - Essay Example Therefore, the observation and analysis of this song demonstrates the development of contemporary dance and ballet. Contemporary dance and ballet exemplifies a form of sovereignty and liberty in the movements. Anciently, dance movements were entirely confined in a regular routine. In this case, antique choreographers viewed dance as a repetition of a regular sequence of movements (Dunning, 2). Subsequent generations of dancers criticized the principles that regulated ancient dance. According to the modern dancers, the ancient movements incapacitated originality in art. Therefore, they implemented a new technique that would enhance human fecundity, and that would be freer. Their implementation invented the movements in contemporary ballet. Isadora Duncan and Mary Wigman were amongst the spearheads of the new enactments (Foulkes, 1). This feature is evident in the performances of the song My Immortal. Upon performance of this song, dancers manifest a freer maneuver on stage. Additionally, creativity manifests in the occupation of the stage. In this case, the artiste is not limited to a rigid routin e. The performer takes abrupt, but congruent maneuvers in different spots of the stage. This feature amounts to an ideal stage occupation procedure. Consequently, the artiste captivates the audience to the movements on stage (Horosko, 12). Evidently, this exemplifies a modification from the ancient patterns of regular routines and movements on stage. Gestures are an indispensable aspect in dance. Contemporary ballet pronounced emphasis on the use of gestures in the movements (Brown, 22). This would also be an immense platform for the exploration of creativity in dancing art.

Better Place Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Better Place Company - Essay Example In essence, the objective of this company was to reduce and eventual riddance of automobile industry’s over dependence on oil. The mission of Better Place Company is to make the world a better place by 2020 through successful adoption of electrical vehicles use. The intended change will create a significant difference in the environment by reducing the amount of emissions. The automobile industry stands to gains from Better Place Company in numerous ways, which include providing flexible and readily available products for the consumers such as service plans, accessible charge spots and switching stations. Moreover, the absence of Better Place Company in the automobile industry will significantly reduce and weaken the inter connections amongst the primary players in the industry. 1.3 Stakeholders Better Place Company enjoys an intensive niche of stakeholders in the electric vehicle manufacture and marketing environment across numerous countries, which include Israel, United States, Denmark, Canada, Australia, and Japan. Some of the Better Places’ stakeholders include diverse governments, national electric utility, and venture capital and battery firms. In addition, the car manufacturers and the corporate sector forms part of the Better Place Company’s stakeholders base. 1.3.1Significance of the Stakeholders The company depends on the stakeholders to run its activities. Running financial activities of any company requires capital and from the case study, Better Place Company gets its capital from the stakeholders. For instance, in 2007, the company raised $200 million from venture capital funding and $350 million in 2010 from different governments across the globe. The amount summed up to $1.25 billion making it the second largest start-up in th e history of company venture capital funding. On equal measure, stakeholders such as utility, battery and manufacturer companies play a significant role in helping Better Place in achieving its objective of widespread of Electric Vehicle adoption. The companies link the consumers with the car companies consequently reducing the hurdle of limited mobility, which undermines the adoption of electric vehicles. This linkage influences the consumers’ mindset to adopt the electric vehicles (JOHNSON, SCHOLES, & WHITTINGTON, 2008). Moreover, the linkage creates easy platform of improving services offered to consumers due to the competition amongst the firms. The healthy interdependence between the company and the stakeholders propels the growth of the company factors such as competition from other small companies motivate Better Place to offer exemplary services to maintain its market niche. Consider the following diagram indicating the interdependence between the stakeholders and the Better Place Company. Better Place Stakeholders On the other hand, the government through its policies influenced the standards and incentives, which enhanced provision of the bulky of increased activity in both the hybrid and EVs markets. In other words, the governmental incentives to the service companies such as Better Place expanded the respective market niches, consequently market competition. This move enabled the Better Place company to achieve its objective of wide spread adoption of EVs. 2.0 Industry and scenario analyses The steam engine technology, initially developed and adopted for industrial applications was progressively tailored to personal vehicles by middle of 18th century into the automobile industry due to increased population in cities. Increased demand for

Advances in Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advances in Strategic Management - Essay Example The paper focuses on the major strategic issues that the company faces and also focuses on the problems that the company faces due to the strategic issues. Based on the previous history of the company and the current position of the company, a detailed analysis has been drawn out based on the various strategic models and theories. This helps in developing possible resolutions for the issues and also permits developing the possible challenges that the company might face due to the issues. The paper on the whole provides a clear and detailed analysis of Tesco Plc. and a thorough discussion of the strategic issues that the company currently faces. The next section will deal with a brief overview of the company and will discuss a little of the history of Tesco and the current position of the company. Tesco capitalized on this demand through a stock market flotation in 1947. This gave the company access to significant amounts of capital, which it used to rapidly buy up rival stores, removing the competition and also giving itself economies of scale to help dominate its market (Kotler and Keller, 2006). This acquisition based growth continued into the 1970s, when Tesco began strategically constructing new stores in an attempt to completely cover the UK. As part of this, Tesco also began to diversify, opening its first petrol station in 1974 and expanding into various non food operations. Founded in 1924, Tesco has indeed come a long way since its first-opened store in Burnt Oak, Edgware. Today, 79 years after it was founded by Sir Jack Cohen, TESCO is Britain’s leading food retailer. By the 1990s, Tesco started to developed new marketing concepts and strategies that gave focus on customer satisfaction. Among of its innovation was the introduction of the loyalty cards in 199 5. Tesco also now operates in 13 countries around the world, indicating that Tesco is willing to expand both its product and geographic range in order to grow sales

PESTLE and Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PESTLE and Marketing Strategies - Essay Example They note that the external environment impacts the following: customers, industry, competitors, government, and regulating bodies. Choosing the best marketing mix requires aligning external realities and the internal resources and capabilities of the organisation (Needham and Dransfield 2000, p.305). Dickinson and Ramaseshan (2008) agree with Needham and Dransfield (2000), but the former also emphasise that other factors also impact marketing strategy, such as the company's cooperative arrangements. This report believes that a company cannot generate effective marketing strategies, if it is only focused on its internal environment in planning these strategies. It must consider the external business environment, so that it can respond to the threats and challenges that are embedded in the outside world. Nevertheless, it does not postulate that only the external environment can assure the success of a firm's marketing strategy. Other factors will also impact the outcome of marketing s trategies. One important framework for analysing the external environment is through the PESTLE analysis. This report will use PESTLE analysis on Abu Dhabi, where its main goal is to help Nestle generate a marketing mix that will introduce a new line of food product for toddlers. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND MARKETING MIX The PESTLE analysis is one of the most prominent external scanning tools. It analyses the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that can impact a company's marketing strategy by affecting consumer behaviour and choices, as well as their income levels. PESTLE analysis also reveals opportunities and threats that can shape future marketing strategies (Needham and Dransfield 2000, p.305). PESTLE analysis is also not a one-time event. It has to be done regularly, because the environment constantly changes and it will be critical to respond to these changes that can impact the business. This section analyses these factors in Abu Dhabi a nd relates it to the marketing strategy of Nestle. PESTLE Analysis Political factors. The government of Abu Dhabi promotes economic sustainability through diversifying its industries that will ultimately reduce its dependence on oil revenues. This economic diversification scheme can have a positive effect on Nestle’s brand extension scheme, because it can improve the reception for its new product line. In addition, after the Arab spring (Anderson 2011), the U.A.E. government aims to enhance the conditions of liberal human rights, so that its citizens will not think of being involved in political and economic sabotage and other economically-ruinous activities. The political environment can affect the marketing strategy of the company, because it will provide the political and economic stability needed to expand in this market. The political environment also regulates companies and competition. The political condition of the U.A.E. is considered as stable, in general, so it wil l not be risky for Nestle to expand business in the region. The U.A.E., in addition, pursues Emiratisation to enhance the employment of its citizens. This will impact Nestle's employment of expatriates in the long run. It would have to prepare nationals to handle critical management and marketing positions. Economic factors. Abu Dhabi is implementing its long-term economic development plan, which follows this formula:

Community Service Essay Example for Free

Community Service Essay Before actually partaking in community service, I always thought of it as a means of overworking students for the employers to save money, but after actually getting myself involved in itI realized that doing community service is actually a privilege for us the volunteers. It gives us an opportunity to gain experience, widen our skills and get a better understanding of the hard labour and it is a process that essentially goes into the outcome of a product or service. Community service has literally made me realized how little I contribute to my country, how little I know about my country and has brought to my attention and conscience that I should try my best to assist more—free of wage—in the continuous growth of my economy. Doing my service at St. Rose Nursery, has opened my eyes to the not so easy process of growing flowers, plants and trees; for example how important fertilizers are and what a big difference the right fertilisers make—and also the different types of fertilizers and their functions . Before I never really understood the beauty of them nor did I realize how much work went into nurturing and harvesting them, but now I am more aware and more concerned about the health of trees and how they are treated and even situated in a pot or the ground. On my first day at St. Rose Nursery, I was given a tour of the compound and while getting the tour, I could not help but feel relaxed and free. The ambience of the nursery changed my mood and thought completely; it had me wondering why do we stress out ourselves? Also it made me realize that I should take time to get in touch with nature and myself. After being introduced to the employees, I felt intimidated because I was the only female surrounded by five males so I saw that as a challenge in terms of them underestimating me and my abilities but after talking to them for a little I felt right at home and was able to be myself and even challenge myself by learning to pot plants, fertilize them and water them all in one day. They were all so helpful and very explanatory and took the time to show me exactly what to do before I did it, at the end of the day I excelled and  accomplished far more than they expected; the good energy at the nursery led me to spend longer hours there than I actually expected to spend per day. Throughout my time at St. Rose nursery, I would like to believe that I have brought a youthful and eager emotion to the compound; despite the fact that we worked in separate areas. I believe that I have shown them that a woman can be productive in the nursery field and can also keep up with their speed and even surpass them; I stared of potting only 1 plant per 2 minutes and by the end of the day, I was able to plant 2 plants per minute—it was fun and we turned it into a game—I observed the workers fertilizing the plants and heard the headman tell him that he was applying too much so I made an attempt to fertilize the next batch of plants and was told that I had done a good job! Not too much and not too little; I felt pleased and proud of myself—I had done better than someone who had much more experience in that field than me. It is funny how one can assume that plant nurturing to be a simple and senseless skill, well I learned the hard yet interesting way that it is far from simple and a lot of thought and precision goes into the whole process, from the pot the plant goes into, the climate atmosphere and type of soil that it is planted in. I have learned from this experience that it is possible to push myself a bit further when trying to accomplish a certain task in a given amount of time, I have learned that I am far more patient than I thought and most importantly I have learned that I personally stress myself over minor issues instead of taking time to breathe, relax and find a solution for it; through this I have come to the conclusion that I should find more time to clear my mind and possibly do something that I find interesting, productive and selfless to release my stresses of life. I have learned that even though I am an introvert, working with people is not that bad after all it just takes getti ng used to them and knowing how to work to suit all their different personalities. I also learned that working with other people really helps to get more work done faster. I honestly can say that I enjoyed the interaction with people who were not of my norm; I enjoyed the whole learning about new trees and their fruits,  smells, blooming and reproduction time. I enjoyed planting and reposting plants and most importantly I enjoyed the view of the surroundings. This endeavour was a challenging one in terms of patience and precision but in the end it all paid off, because I was blessed with the opportunity to enhance my gardening skills and was given the opportunity to be social with people who I would normally be afraid to talk to or even be around. Before transposing myself into the real life community service equation, I thought to myself and made an oath to myself that my main aim was to simple complete my thirty hours of community service as fast and as soon as possible, but after starting and observing the nursery, I realized that it would provide me with far more knowledge and far more fun and experience than I expected and I realized that it would be in my best interest to use it to my advantage to gain a greater skill. I believe that service to others is important because it is a good way to give back to the community and also to increase one’s level of experience and variation. I believe in my distant future I would once again volunteer my time to another estate to expand my comprehension and also to help improve my community and help improve myself as a person. The people at the St. Rose Nursery are very hospital and down to earth, to the point where I can honestly say that there is nothing I would change about their mannerism. To potential volunteers, I would like to advice them to go into the experience open minded and willing to learn. I would also suggest that they find something that is within their comfort zone or something at that they at least have a strong interest in learning or have a passion for, simply because if one does something that they do not like or will not like, then they will not enjoy the experience to the fullest and similarly if one does something that seemed interesting to them before they actually partook in it, then they would draw from that experience that it is simply not something they would like to do in the future and would have learned a valuable lesson.

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay Example for Free

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 increased the minimum wage of $5. 15 per hour to $7. 15 per hour. It is believed that an increase in the minimum wage will not create negative implications on jobs, employment and inflation. Rather, wage increase legislated in the past three decades have made the most positive impacts in the economy, as the economy experienced the strongest growth during these times, and at the same time has generated more jobs. In contrast, when the minimum wage was held at a stagnant rate, fewer jobs have been created (Democrats Discuss†¦). Moreover, wages held at the minimum level translates to lower productivity level. In addition, states that are based on the minimum wage rates suffer from the high occurrence of unemployment. This is true in the case of Virginia, Wyoming and Hawaii; wherein the wages were kept in the minimum level which resulted to high percentage of unemployment. In addition to this, the increase in the unemployment rate is translated to changes in the GDP. According to economist Arthur Khon, every 1% increase in unemployment rate, the GDP falls by 2.5-3%. Therefore, if the wage rate is always kept at a minimum level, the tendency that unemployment rate will rise also increases, thus it creates a negative effect towards the country’s GDP (Mackenzie). Therefore, an increase in the minimum wage rate will have direct effects in the economy. First, it will translate in the increase of productivity level of the workers, it will also improve the buying power of the consumers and it will lessen the unemployment rate – all of which will have a positive rise in the GDP of the country.

What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology Essay

What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology Essay A hash also called a digest, and informally a checksum is a kind of signature for a stream of data that represents the contents.  The closest real-life analog we can think is a tamper-evident seal on a software package: if you open the box (change the file), its detected. A  cryptographic hash function  is a  deterministic procedure  that takes an arbitrary block of  data  and returns a fixed-size  bit string, the (cryptographic)  hash value, such that an accidental or intentional change to the data will change the hash value. The data to be encoded is often called the message, and the hash values are sometimes called the  message digest  or simply digest. The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main or significant properties: It is easy to compute the hash value for any given message, It is  infeasible  to find a message that has a given hash, It is infeasible to modify a message without changing its hash, It is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash. Cryptographic hash functions have many  information security  applications, notably in  digital signatures,  message authentication codes  (MACs), and other forms of  authentication. They can also be used as ordinary  hash functions, to index data in  hash tables, for  fingerprinting, to detect duplicate data or uniquely identify files, and as  checksums  to detect accidental data corruption. Indeed, in information security contexts, cryptographic hash values are sometimes called (digital) fingerprints,  checksums, or just  hash values, even though all these terms stand for functions with rather different properties and purposes. Q2. What are the principal elements of a public-key cryptosystem? Ans2. Public-Key Cryptosystems: Secrecy and Authentication, illustrates the essential elements of a public-key encryption scheme. Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses a  pair  of keys for encryption: a  public key,  which encrypts data, and a corresponding  private,  or  secret key  for decryption. You publish your public key to the world while keeping your private key secret. Anyone with a copy of your public key can then encrypt information that only you can read. Even people you have never met. Plaintext: This is the original message or data fed into the algorithm as input. Encryption Algorithm: It performs various substitutions and transformation on plaintext. Secret Key: It is used for encryption. Ciphertext: This is the scrambled message produced as output. Decryption Algorithm: This is the encryption algorithm run in reverse. Q3. What types of information might be derived from a traffic analysis attack? Ans3. In a connection-oriented application, the frequency and duration could be determined. In either a connection-oriented or connectionless environment, the number and length of messages between parties could be determined. Traffic analysis attacks aim to derive critical information by analyzing traffic over a network. The two classes of traffic analysis attacks: link-load analysis attacks and flow-connectivity analysis attacks.   Countermeasures for such attacks are usually realized by properly padding the payload traffic so that the statistics of the overall traffic become significantly different from that of the payload traffic. Two basic countermeasure strategies are (a) to pad the traffic with constant inter-arrival times of packets (CIT) or (b) to pad the traffic with variable inter-arrival times (VIT).   Q4. What are three broad categories of applications of public-key cryptosystems? What requirements must a public key cryptosystems fulfill to be a secure algorithm? Ans4. Public-key systems are characterized by the use of a cryptographic type of algorithm with two keys. Depending on the application, the sender uses either the senders private key or the receivers public key, or both, to perform some type of cryptographic function. In broad terms, we can classify the use of public-key cryptosystems into the three categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encryption/decryption: The sender encrypts a message with the recipients public key. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Digital signature: The sender signs a message with its private key, either to the whole message or to a small block of data that is a function of the message. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Key exchange: Two sides cooperate to exchange a session key. Several different approaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties. Some algorithms are suitable for all three applications, whereas others can be used only for one or two of these applications. Public key schemes are no more or less secure than private key schemes in both cases the size of the key determines the security. But with public key schemes at least there is usually a firmer theoretical basis for determining the security since its based on well-known and well studied number theory problems. In order to solve the key management problem, the concept of public-key cryptography was introduced. Public-key cryptosystems have two primary uses, encryption and digital signatures. In their system, each person gets a pair of keys, one called the public key and the other called the private key. The public key is published, while the private key is kept secret. The need for the sender and receiver to share secret information is eliminated; all communications involve only public keys, and no private key is ever transmitted or shared. In this system, it is no longer necessary to trust the security of some means of communications. The only requirement is that public keys be associated with their users in a trusted (authenticated) manner (for instance, in a trusted directory). Anyone can send a confidential message by just using public information, but the message can only be decrypted with a private key, which is in the sole possession of the intended recipient. Furthermore, public-key cryptography can be used not only for privacy (encryption), but also for authentication (digital signatures) and other various techniques. Q5. What is digital signature standard? Ans5. This Standard specifies a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory. In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature as evidence in demonstrating to a third party that the signature was, in fact, generated by the claimed signatory. This is known as non-repudiation, since the signatory cannot easily repudiate the signature at a later time. This Standard specifies algorithms for applications requiring a digital signature, rather than a written signature. A digital signature is represented in a computer as a string of bits. A digital signature is computed using a set of rules and a set of parameters that allow the identity of the signatory and the integrity of the data to be verified. Digital signatures may be generated on both stored and transmitted data. Signature generation uses a private key to generate a digital signature; signature verification uses a public key that corresponds to, but is not the same as, the private key. Each signatory possesses a private and public key pair. Public keys may be known by the public; private keys are kept secret. Anyone can verify the signature by employing the signatorys public key. Only the user that possesses the private key can perform signature generation. A hash function is used in the signature generation process to obtain a condensed version of the data to be signed; the condensed version of the data is often called a message digest. The message digest is input to the digital signature algorithm to generate the digital signature. The digital signature is provided to the intended verifier along with the signed data. The verifying entity verifies the signature by using the claimed signatorys public key and the same hash function that was used to generate the signature. Similar procedures may be used to generate and verify signatures for both stored and transmitted data. Q6. Explain authentication function: message encryption, message authentication code and hash function. Ans6. Message encryption: Message encryption is a process that encodes the data of a message so that unauthorized people cannot access it. The process of message encryption converts a message from readable text to scrambled or enciphered text, thus keeping the message content private. Only people who use a private key can read such a message. In fact, message encryption not only safeguards the message but also any attachments included with it. Therefore, message encryption is basically information scrambling, and the technology this process involves is very important for internal security in information technology-driven environments. When message encryption is properly used in such an environment, it helps establish a secure communication channel even in cases where the fundamental system and network infrastructure is not very secure. It is obvious that message encryption is of great significance when a message needs to be transferred through shared systems or network segments in which a number of people may otherwise be able to view it. Message encryption is an invaluable tool in situations where sensitive information needs to be safeguarded so that it cannot be seen or modified by other parties. Message authentication code: One of the reasons that encryption mechanism does not provide a good solution for message authentication is that it is difficult for the receiver to identify the legitimate plaintext. To address this problem, we can apply an error detection code to the message so that only legitimate plaintext can pass the error detection. Such error detection codes are used in the network communication to provide data integrity verification against bit errors introduced by communication channel noise. But it can not provide data integrity protection against malicious attackers. In light of error detection code, we can design a code that uses a secret key. Without the key, modifying the message in a way that it matches the code is impossible. This idea leads to the design of message authentication code (MAC). A MAC  algorithm, sometimes called a  keyed  (cryptographic)  hash function, accepts as input a  secret key  and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC (sometimes known as a  tag). The MAC value protects both a messages  data integrity  as well as its  authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Hash Functions: A hash function H is a transformation that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size string, which is called the hash value h (that is, h = H(m)). Hash functions with just this property have a variety of general computational uses, but when employed in cryptography the hash functions are usually chosen to have some additional properties. The basic requirements for a cryptographic hash function are: the input can be of any length, the output has a fixed length, H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x , H(x) is one-way, H(x) is collision-free. A  hash function  is any  well-defined procedure  or  mathematical function  that converts a large, possibly variable-sized amount of data into a small datum, usually a single  integer  that may serve as an  index  to an  array. The values returned by a hash function are called  hash values, hash codes,  hash sums, or simply  hashes.

Internet Censorship Essay -- Web Cyberspace Censor Essays Argumentativ

Internet Censorship You are at work and the phone rings. It is the school principal from the high school your daughter attends. He politely tells you that your daughter is being suspended from school and asks that you please come pick her up. After digging a little deeper, you find out that she is being punished for posting to the internet, a book report based writings of James Joyce. The reason for the suspension is not because the material was plagiarized, but because the content of the material was considered "objectionable" or "indecent" according to new standards mandated by the government. The above story could have easily happened under the 1996 Communication Decency Act (CDA), whose objective was, according to class notes, to protect children from pornographical material but contained vague and ambiguous language. I am all for protecting children from harm, for regulating what they see and do and to maximize their learning. However, censoring the activity of chidren is the role of a parent and not a function of the government. The cost of protecting our children should not be at the cost of our constitutional rights and freedom of speech. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Censorship by the government under the CDA, would do more harm than good because, according to Spectacle.org, "The CDA criminalizes 'indecent' speech on the Internet. One section of the CDA defines indecency as speech depicting or describing se... ...we can say as well. New technologies are always being developed and we, as a society, need to be able to handle it responsibly. We need to protect our constitutional rights, all of them. Too many countries around the world have oppressive governments, where people are thrown in jail for speaking out against government policies. Works Cited Wallace, J. and M. Mangan, "The Internet Censorship FAQ", http://www.spectacle.org/freespch/faq.html Attias, Prof. B., Class notes, November 10, 2003, COMS 454 Electronic Frontier Foundation, "About EFF: General Information about the Electronic Frontier Foundation, http://www.eff.org/about Hochheiser, Harry, "Cyber-Liberties: Censorship In a Box, Ver. 1.1 12/25/97 http://archive.aclu.org/issues/cyber/box.html#blocking Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary\ulnone , p. 242, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984

Country Music: The Image and the Reality Essay -- Music Analysis

Sunday after church, on a quiet balmy summer day, dinner is fresh, hot, and ready for immaculate consumption. After clearing the table, the men adjourn to the front porch to talk politics, church, and relax after a long week of satisfying the burdensome requirements of familial responsibilities. After all, what man is there who would not rather be fishing? The women, on the other hand, scurry in the kitchen, do the dishes, clean up, and put things away; while repeating the local gossip about who is seeing who; who should and who should not be marrying who. These images may appear out of Norman Rockwell or Mayberry R.F.D. U.S.A., but they are the images the American country music industry and fans envision of themselves. These perceptions are extremely strong held views of a past that has come to exist more in recollection than reality. The country music industry, with its roots in deep southern religious traditions, is blinded by these and similar views, and unwilling to recognize its true state is far less appealing than the wholesome image it seeks to portend. Country music is a dichotic blend of the past and the present. It seeks to hold to religious traditions while oftentimes staggering in intoxication of those appurtenances contrary to its traditions; the clearest examples of this dichotomy are seen in the lyrics, dress, and dance found in modern country music. To understand the present bifurcation of Country Music, a history of the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville is implicit. The Ryman auditorium began its existence as the result of a religious transformation by steamboat captain Thomas Ryman on May 10th, 1885. Ryman, while attending a preaching service held by the late nineteenth-century evangelist Samuel Porter Jones, ... ...ta Lynn - The Pill Lyrics. 01 31, 2001. http://www.cowboylyrics.com/lyrics/lynn-loretta/the-pill-22418.html (accessed 05 09, 2012). About.com. About.com Nashville. The New York Times. 01 27, 2009. http://nashville.about.com/od/historyandsites/a/GOOpryhistory.htm (accessed 05 08, 2012). Bjorke, Matt. 10 Controversial CMA Award Moments. 11 07, 2011. http://www.roughstock.com/blog/10-controversial-cma-awards-moments (accessed 05 09, 2012). Foster, Ben. Top Ten Greatest Women of the Nineties, #4 - Shania Twain. 10 27, 2010. http://www.zimbio.com/Robert+Mutt+Lange/articles/T4wGiHg6ZzP/Top+Ten+Greatest+Women+Nineties+4+Shania+Twain (accessed 05 09, 2012). Quan, Denise. Trace Adkins talks puppets, politics and bit parts. 01 25, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-25/entertainment/trace.adkins.soundcheck_1_puppets-trace-adkins-cnn?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ (accessed 05 09, 2012).

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy :: Economics

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy MOZAMBIQUE Introduction ============ In an attempt to respond to the topic this essay will discuss the role of the informal sector in the Mozambican economy. For a better understanding of the topic some important definitions shall be given. For the purpose of this essay, the concept of economy can be defined as the science that deals with production and consumption of goods and services, the circulation of wealth and the redistribution of income. On the other hand, the concept of the informal sector was introduced into international usage in 1972 by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in its Kenya Mission Report. Though there is no consensus on the definition of the informal sector, coupled with the fact that in Mozambique the concept varies with the different periods of history, the following are the common characteristics of this sector as defined by ILO: (a) ease of entry; (b) reliance on indigenous resources; (c) family ownership; (d) small scale operations; (e) labor intensive and adaptive technology; (f) skills acquired outside of formal sector; (g) unregulated and competitive markets. Since that time, different authors and the ILO itself introduced many definitions. The ILO/ICFTU international symposium on the informal sector in 1999 proposed that informal sector workforce can be categorized into three broad groups: (a) owner-employers of micro enterprises, a few paid workers, with or without apprentices; (b) own-account workers, who own and operate one-person business, who work alone or with the help of unpaid workers, generally family members and apprentices; (c) dependent workers paid or unpaid, including wage workers in micro enterprises, unpaid family workers, apprentices, contract labor, home workers and paid domestic workers. (Santos in Dhemba; 1999) Mozambique Social Economic Situation ==================================== The signing of the peace agreement and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Mozambique caused an impoverishment of the poor, especially in towns where the decline in purchasing power is most felt as it is harder to find alternative income to buy food. The liberalization of the market opened up the possibilities to import goods, however, the purchasing power of Mozambican citizens are still very low. There was a rise in the levels of unemployment as a result of the mass retrenchment originated by the implementation of the SAP policy. According to a World Bank study, and many other studies, unemployment is a strong indicator of economic crisis. In spite of all the measures taken by the Government to bring about economic and social development, this development was not percolating down to the masses fast enough. Due to the pervasive effects of the globalizing economy, population growth and urban migration, the active labor force was growing at a much faster rate than the availability of

The purpose of this (SBA) School based Assessment

AimWhat are the factors responsible for land pollution in the community of East Dry River Port of Spain, Trinidad?Method of Data CollectionHow was the data collected?Attempts were made to walk around the street with bags in search of rubbish within #50 Argyle Street East Dry River, Port of Spain. Where no rubbish were found after a few numbers of visits, no further attempt was made to go back in search of more.Where was data collected?The study area was at #50 Argyle Street East Dry River, Port of Spain, which is shown in the location map, Map #2. Activities were conducted and plenty of rubbish was collected and stored in plastic bags.When was data collected?Rubbish activities were completed on (Monday 15th of October to Tuesday 21st of November) between (10.00 am to 3.00pm).PRESENTATION OF STUDYAccording to the Caribbean Environment for CXC Geography, Pollution is a substance which causes an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological environment. Although there are s ome natural pollutants such as volcanoes, pollution generally occurs because of human activity. Pollution occurs in three ways:Land Water Air.Pollution may affect: the atmosphere. This is Air Pollution, rivers, seas, lakes and groundwater. This is Water Pollution, rocks and the soil.This is Land Pollution.No part of the world is free from air pollution. In the Arctic and Antarctic, the air appears clear; but traces of industrial chemicals can be found in the atmosphere and in falling snow. In most of the Caribbean, the air also appears clean. The trade winds blow from the east, across several thousand kilometers at Open Ocean. However, both worldwide and locally generated air pollution affects the region.Production of excess carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases is a form of air pollution, which has worldwide effects I have also found that pollution is a substance which causes an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological environment. Although there are some natural po llutants such as volcanoes, pollution generally occurs because of human activity, and in that 35% of bottles, 40% of rappers and 25% of paper were found.A divided circle diagram showing the percentage of rubbish that was collected during rubbish activities. Of the 100 % of rubbish that was collected 35% was Bottles, 40% was Rappers and 25% was PaperTally Sheet Showing the Number of Rubbish That Were Collected During the Activities Bottles 35% Rappers 40% Papers 25%Bar Graph Showing The Number of Rubbish That were Collected During the Activities

Martha Rinaldi Case Analysis Essay

BACKGROUND Martha Rinaldi, a twenty seven year old aspiring business woman who has recently completed her MBA. Originally from Iowa, she completed her undergraduate degree in Computer Science in 2006 from the University of Iowa. From there, Rinaldi began her MBA at a top notch business school in Chicago, with her focus on marketing. After completing her first year in the MBA program, Rinaldi took a summer internship as assistant to the Director of Promotions at a Chicago based restaurant chain called Deep Dive Pizza. During her short time at Deep Dive, Rinaldi contributed ideas about brand awareness and new product development. But her most noticeable contribution came from her final return on investments presentation. This persuasive presentation caught the attention of Deep Dive’s CEO, ultimately creating a job offer for her with the Deep Dive promotions team once she completed her MBA the following summer. When Rinaldi finished her MBA in 2008, she was faced with two offers. First, she had the opportunity to return to Deep Dive as a lead for a special projects team in the marketing department. Her second job offer was an assistant product manager at Potomac Waters in their Health Drinks Division. To help make her decision, Rinaldi began to research each company and self-assess her needs as they relate to her career ambitions. After careful consideration, Rinaldi decided Potomac Waters, a nationally established company with a proven record of marketing brilliance, would give her the best opportunity to meet her career ambitions and personal needs. INDIVIDUAL NEEDS & GOALS Need for Achievement and Individual Goals In this case Rinaldi has several underlying needs. Needs, physical or psychological, can describe behaviors associated with motivation. Rinaldi’s needs reflect her effort at Potomac. She wants to contribute to the success of the health drinks division and its brands, while learning a great deal from Potomac. She hopes her time at Potomac will provide her with the experience to drive forward her corporate career. The first of Rinaldi’s  needs is the need for achievement or growth. McClelland’s theory notes† individuals with the strong desire for achievement analyze situations, try to understand the chances of success, and set moderate achievement goals for themselves† (McClelland 160). Rinaldi demonstrates her need for achievement in several ways. First, she chooses to pursue higher education in an MBA to help her develop her career path. Secondly, Rinaldi took considerable time choosing between job offers after graduation. Her decision was Potomac Waters because she wanted to gain the knowledge and experience a nationally established firm like Potomac could provide. Although, a job at Potomac would be rigorous and challenging, she wanted to develop as a professional in the midst of a successful marketing department. Rinaldi demonstrates her need to achieve a third way, when she acknowledges Potomac promotes their assistant managers faster than the industry average. Here, she is already setting a goal and developing a vision to achieve a promotion to product manager with in the company. Need for Affiliation Rinaldi’s second need that can be identified is the need for affiliation: â€Å"to establish warm lasting relationships with others, to be liked, and to seek the approval of others† (McClelland 160). She demonstrates this need early as she researches Potomac Waters before she commits to their job offer. Rinaldi made a visit to Potomac in June of 2008, where she met with employees who were happy to get to know her. She had lunch with product managers who provided good feedback and told her they valued her energy and enthusiasm. Her perceived warm welcome to the company was a big driver in taking the position at Potomac. Another notable example of Rinaldi’s need for affiliation is during her time of employment at Potomac. Rinaldi works directly with associate product manager Jamie Vaughan, but reports to product manager Natalie Follet. Rinaldi has a strong desire to be liked and valued by Follet and Vaughan. Need for Autonomy Rinaldi felt her contributions to the return on investment assignment were noteworthy and deserving of the opportunity to participate in more assignments like it in the future. Rinaldi’s final identifiable need is the need for autonomy; the need to challenge her skills, to be assertive and independent. In the article â€Å"Employee Motivation,† the authors outline the  drivers of motivation: acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend (Nohria, Groysberg, Lee, 2008). Rinaldi’s need for autonomy parallels this article’s need to comprehend. She desires her job role to be meaningful and distinct within Potomac. In addition this role needs to foster a sense of influence and contribute to the company as well. The article emphasizes that in order to get people to do their best work, all four drivers of motivation need to be met. Rinaldi was hoping Follet would note her work performance, and assign her more challenging projects to contribute to the launch of Invi. Instead, Rinaldi went back to making copies, running errands and doing menial tasks for Vaughan such as story boards and power points. None of which used her skills as an MBA graduate. INDIVIDUAL BLOCKAGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Rinaldi’s effort and performance are connected. Influencing this connection are the individual opportunities and blockages: skills, abilities, training, experience, personality, attitudes and personal goals. These influences drive motivation and can cause a person to perceive low or high effort-performance expectancies. Skills and Experience Since taking the job at Potomac, Rinaldi used very little of her MBA education or skill set as she performed basic tasks and was discouraged to take the initiative on more important projects by Vaughan. She was computer savvy from her undergraduate degree in Computer Science. She demonstrated these skills during her internship with Deep Dive Pizza by creating a return on investment presentation for the potential allocation of funds towards a new computerized information system. Rinaldi also has experience in marketing from her internship at Deep Dive. Deep Dive prided themselves on brand marketing through flashy advertising of new products. Rinaldi contributed many great ideas on how to educate new franchise owners about the brand’s core elements. She also gained experience communicating the unique style of product development to new suppliers of Deep Dive. Rinaldi also has good reasoning skills. She was sure to weigh out the positive and negatives of each of her job offers following the completion of her MBA. She was self-aware of her needs for affiliation, achievement and autonomy. This prompted her to take the position that she perceived to give her the most  marketing training and education, to better prepare her for a marketing promotion in the future. Personality In addition to Rinaldi’s business education and work experience, her personality is a nice compliment (Figure 1.1). Personality is a set of traits or characteristics of a particular person. They can be categorized into five dimensions, also known as the Big Five Personality factors. Analysis of Rinaldi shows she is highly open to new experience. She is intelligent, broadminded, and imaginative. She shows these characteristics when she contributes distinguished ideas at marketing meetings, and her final presentation as intern at Deep Dive. Another example of her openness is when she decided to focus on marketing during her MBA study, even though her passion was computer science. She felt the pair was a great combination for success in business. Rinaldi also scores high in conscientiousness. Her ability to be dependable, thorough, hardworking and organized is noted throughout the case study. She worked many long hours on the return on investment project for Follet, reworked storyboards and PowerPoint’s for Vaughan on a time crunch, and is very organized in her thoughts processes. Although it is difficult to define if Rinaldi is highly extraverted, she is not reserved, quiet or shy. She seems to be outgoing when she visits with other managers and peers during her beginning stages at Potomac. She also meets other department managers for lunch on occasion to discuss work projects and performance. A fourth dimension of personality is emotional stability. Rinaldi is neither high nor low in emotional stability because she is calm and secure in who she is. However, Follet causes Rinaldi some emotional turmoil and anxiety at work. For example, when Rinaldi lent a hand to a coworker from another department who needed her help one morning (recognizing another’s need is an example of Rinaldi’s social awareness), she received an email from the Vice President of Marketing thanking her for her efforts, but reminding her that he values her time is best spent working on projects similar to the return on investment assignment she completed a few weeks prior. Follet was copied on this email as well. When Follet approached Rinaldi about the incident, she told Rinaldi it was ok to sometimes help out around the office, no matter  the circumstance. This meeting left Rinaldi confused as to whose directive she should follow. In this case study, Rinaldi seems to react to what happens, an external locus of control, rather than controlling what happens (Figure 1.2). She reacts to the way Follet and Vaughan treat her. They don’t give her the responsibility at Potomac to be a driver of change, but rather react to what happens instead. Rinaldi’s personality type is locus of control. She feels that the consequences of her actions are controlled externally by factors beyond her control, rather than an internal view. Some factors that influence a person’s destiny might be luck or fate. In Rinaldi’s case, she feels as if Follet controls her destiny at Potomac. Follet doesn’t give her meaningful projects to contribute to, which is then followed up by Follet in Rinaldi’s review saying that she â€Å"lacks initiative.† Emotions and Attitudes Rinaldi has negative emotions and attitude toward Vaughan. Attitude, as defined by Champoux, is â€Å"a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object† (Champoux, 106). Her cognitive part of that attitude is her belief Vaughan has been at Potomac for several years, is very analytical, but has limited marketing experience. Her affective attitude is based on the evaluations and feelings she experiences with Vaughan. These evaluations and experiences are as follows: Since day one in the case, Vaughan was distant and cold. This demonstrates his low value in agreeableness on the Big Five Personality chart. Rinaldi and Vaughan have a poor work relationship. In addition, he is hard to communicate with, causes work conflict with Rinaldi. She was only to answer to Follet, but yet, Vaughan proceeded to give Rinaldi orders and assignments. Her behavioral intentions are to try to work well with Vaughan on projects, but her friendliness and patience with him is low. Her attitude of Follet is based on emotions and evaluations she experienced with Follet. Rinaldi’s cognitive part of attitude is her belief Follet has high creative marketing ability. Her affective part of attitude is her observations and experiences with Follet. For example, when Follet confronted Rinaldi on the issue of taking orders from Vaughan, Follet told Rinaldi, â€Å"If Jaime asks you to do something, assume it’s for good reason (Hill 7).† This statement, like many others, is contradictory of Follet’s  rule that Rinaldi only reports to her. Examples like this cause Rinaldi emotional turmoil, anxiety, and confusion. She feels that Follet is always pushing her off, and perceives her as a know-it-all MBA who is demanding and impatient. Therefore, Rinaldi’s behavioral intention is to follow Follet’s orders because she is never sure of Follet’s reactions or emotions to any situation at Potomac. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is a three tier process by which an individual expresses emotions of others and oneself, manages emotion in others and oneself, and uses these emotions to direct behavior. There are four defining dimensions of emotional intelligence, self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. An emotionally intelligent person knows how to influence other people’s emotions. In this case, Rinaldi demonstrates self-awareness and management, as well as, social awareness (Figure 1.2). Rinaldi displays her self-awareness when she discusses her many skills and experiences early in the case. She describes her ability to perform and learn from her position at Potomac. She recognizes her narrow marketing knowledge and inexperience limits her ability to possibly perform at the Deep Dive job opportunity. An example of where Rinaldi exhibits her self-management dimension in the case is when she is working on the return on investment assignment for Follet and Vaughan. She works late a few evenings, showing her flexibility and dedication. When she completes the assignment, her efforts are not recognized by Follet or Vaughan. However, she controls her emotions, by not showing either of them her disappointment. And finally, Rinaldi demonstrates her social awareness when she realizes one of her colleagues is in distress trying finish some last minute projects at the office. Despite this occurs out of her department, Rinaldi pitches in to help. She is aware of her colleague’s anxiety and emotional distress, and is empathetic towards her situation. Perceptions Rinaldi has developed many perceptions of herself, Potomac, Follet and Vaughan. Perception is a cognitive process by which a person becomes of aware of something through the senses. A view of Rinaldi’s self-perception is her high self-esteem early in the case. She is confident of her  self-worth, skills and abilities because she was getting good feedback from other managers at Potomac. Rinaldi’s self-concept, a set of beliefs she has about herself, is she believes others view her as an enthusiastic and energetic new hire who can contribute many great marketing ideas to Potomac. When Rinaldi was choosing between her job offers after completion of her MBA, she perceived Potomac Waters to be an elite national business firm that had an exceptional marketing department. After talking with the Potomac recruiter, her attitude towards Potomac was positive, because only they could offer the utmost marketing training and grooming of any company. Unfortunately this perception of Potomac will change later on in the case. Rinaldi perceives Follet in many different ways. She recognizes the creative ability Follet fosters from her previous design experiences with other companies. She appreciates the complimenting relationship of Follet’s creativity, and Vaughan’s analytical way with numbers. They make a good team. However, Rinaldi notices that Follet is not providing her with the training she had hoped for. Rather, Follet was not organized for Rinaldi’s start at Potomac; Follet pushes Rinaldi off on Vaughan for busy work, and doesn’t provide consistent feedback. Rinaldi acknowledges Follet as her superior, and wants to be loyal to her. However, it is difficult with the varying responses she provides to every situation. Finally, Rinaldi has a negative perception of Vaughan. This perception is unchanging throughout the case. He pushes his menial tasks off on her, discourages her from taking initiative on more valued projects, and takes credit for all the work. His cold attitude towards Rinaldi and other coworkers makes it hard to communicate effectively. Except when Vaughan engaged in a shouting match with Rinaldi about come calculations she had made. That argument won the attention of everyone in the office. Rinaldi is aware of the strange relationship of Follet and Vaughan. They seem to be very in tune to what is going on between themselves and the department. A few notable examples are as follows. Follet sent an email to Rinaldi saying Vaughan perceived Rinaldi as restless a few days into her new position at Potomac. Follet, Rinaldi’s supervisor, didn’t observe this behavior, but rather takes into account Vaughan’s perceptions and attitudes. Or perhaps following the shouting incident between Vaughan and Rinaldi over a few calculations, Follet pulled Rinaldi aside and told her Vaughan is just misunderstood sometimes. This was  more than a misunderstanding of behavior, rather an excuse for Vaughan’s treatment of Rinaldi. ORGANIZATIONAL BLOCKAGES AND OPPORTUNITIES The link between effort and performance is not free of obstacles. In this analysis of Martha Rinaldi’s case, consideration must be given to organizational blockages or opportunities. These obstacles would include attitudes creating conflict, personalities other than Rinaldi, toxic emotions, behaviors of Follet and Vaughan, organizational design, resources and opportunities. Organizational Design and Socialization Organizational design and socialization is a process by which a company is structured and presented to the employees and the public. Potomac’s organizational design at first appeared to Rinaldi to be a great opportunity for training. She had met Doug Berman, group product manager in the Health Drinks Division, during her visit to Potomac and he shared with her his vision. Rinaldi also had positive feedback from other managers in regards to her good ideas, enthusiasm and drive. However, once she started she quickly realized it was not the experience she anticipated. She was not informed of her specific appointment or supervisor until her first day. When she arrived at the Health Drink Division, her supervisor sent an email notifying Rinaldi of her unpreparedness of her arrival. Follet was not organized for Rinaldi’s start, nor did she have a plan. One in the same, Vaughan offered no time to train or mentor Rinaldi since the launch of the Invi brand was priority. Rinaldi had a good first impression of the Bautista and thought she had a handle of his expectations from the young MBA new hires. But Rinaldi was never able to contribute or challenge her skills in many projects or presentations. The entry and encounter stage of socialization into Potomac Waters was proving to be a challenging one. Not only did Follet not teach her recent hire new tasks or responsibilities, her various reactions to situations were not indicative to office norms. Therefore, Rinaldi is stuck in stage two of socialization, unable to metamorphasize into a defined role. Without the ability to carve out her role at Potomac, she is constantly in conflict with Follet and Vaughan, as she tries to establish herself. Personalities of Vaughan and Follet A second blockage besides the socialization process, are the personalities of Follet and Vaughan (Figure 1.3). Follet is doesn’t seem to be highly extroverted. This can be taken in context. Notice the poor effort she puts into the conversations with Rinaldi. She is very distracted and appears too busy to be bothered by Rinaldi. This implies Follet is has very low social awareness. She isn’t aware of Rinaldi’s emotions or behaviors towards Vaughan. Figure 1.3 BIG 5 Personality Characterization Chart KEY: Follet does score high in emotional stability because she is secure and calm in her role as product manager. She appears confident in her creative skills when marketing the Invi brand, and relies on Vaughan for his analytical skills. She also seems to be high in conscientiousness. Follet’s history indicates she was a high achiever, but the case evidence suggests she hasn’t been able to transition into a leader or manager. This is demonstrated by her fierce drive to get the Invi brand marketed and meeting deadlines. She is not concerned with grooming her new hire as the brand develops, but rather is focused on getting to the final destination despite the costs. This again is an example of low social awareness and relationship management. Vaughan’s personality does not appear to be extraverted. He is cold, short with Rinaldi and other coworkers, and easily irritated. This is congruent with his low sense of agreeableness. He is not cooperative with others, especiall y a young ambitious MBA hire like Rinaldi. He doesn’t help her adjust to life at Potomac, nor does he care. He ranks high in emotional stability because of his confidence in himself, his skills and relationship with product manager, Natalie Follet. This confidence does not make him self-aware of his weaknesses or limitations. In the case, he gives orders and assignments to Rinaldi that aren’t directed by Follet. He doesn’t seem to feel any empathy for Rinaldi when he dumps multiple assignments on her at once. Vaughan’s relationship management is poor. He has no interest in including Rinaldi into the Invi team, discovering her skills and abilities, and developing those assets as the work together on projects. When Rinaldi did project calculations for Vaughan, he disagreed with her findings and made a huge shouting scene in the office. He doesn’t seem to have the  ability to control his own emotions or flexibility in working with Rinaldi, indicating low self-management. Toxic Emotions Toxic emotions in the work environment can be caused by abusive managers, unreasonable company policies, disruptive colleagues or customers, and poorly managed change within an organization. Vaughan’s toxic behaviors toward Rinaldi, such as the shouting conflict over the PowerPoint- storybook assignment, or Vaughan’s way of treating Rinaldi as a subordinate rather than a peer, are creating a negative work environment. Follet and Vaughan collaborate on the Invi brand and make excuses for each other’s behavior. When Rinaldi visits with Follet on her concerns and asks for help, Follet passes her off to Vaughan. When Vaughan and Rinaldi engage in conflict, Follet tries to smooth things over. However, no apparent improvement in behavior exists. Conflict reoccurs, and Rinaldi is forced to confront Vaughan about his behavior. This cycle is one of the reasons Rinaldi is considering if she should stay at Potomac or go back to Deep Dive. Organizational Opportunities These organizational blockages do have ramifications on Rinaldi’s expectancies, as do the following opportunities. Rinaldi perceives Potomac’s new brand Invi to be a wonderful opportunity to participate in all aspects of marketing, ultimately preparing her to better perform in a position like the one at Deep Dive. Marketing was essential to the beverage industry. Even in a time of recession nationally, Potomac was able to continually take market share away from competitors and grow their business. Potomac’s Health and Sports Drinks division was leading that growth, since consumers have trended towards healthier forms of beverage. Working with the new brand Invi would be demanding and rewarding. Rinaldi also saw opportunity in the organizations ability to promote from within. During her research of the company prior to taking her job there, she noted Potomac typically promotes its assistant product managers to product mangers faster than the industry average-three years or less. This is an advantage for ambitious Rinaldi to have a chance to manage her own brand and grow professionally. However, it can also be a disadvantage since Potomac typically changed manager’s assignments every 12-24 months. This is to help the product managers  experience all stages of product development and life cycle. Changing assignments will keep the work interesting, but could possibly prevent the development of close work relationships with coworkers. Company Goals In addition to opportunities, Potomac also has set company goals. Its utmost importance is growing its national brand recognition by taking over market share from traditional beverage companies. Potomac was taking these shares over by offering healthier drink options, rather than carbonated soft drinks. In addition, Potomac wanted to grow and expand market share in their three divisions-sports drinks, health drinks and carbonated soft drinks. Invi, one of Potomac’s newest fruit health drinks, was approaching product launch. Goal setting theory suggests these company goals are only achievable if the employees within a company clearly identify their roles. Pivotal role behaviors are behaviors a person must consent to, in order to remain part of the group or organization. These behaviors are linked to an organization’s core values. An example of a pivotal role Rinaldi must accept is identifying and respecting Follet as her supervisor. Rinaldi must take orders and follow Follet’s advice on marketing strategies and initiatives. Another pivotal role behavior is Rinaldi must accept Invi, and the Health Drinks Division at Potomac is leading the way in market growth and expansion. Rinaldi must understand the importance of this division to the survival and performance of the company and expect her contributions will impact the success of Potomac if she wants to be a member of the organization. A relevant role behavior is a good behavior that is not necessary or required of an individual to remain part of an organization. An example of a relevant role behavior was when Rinaldi was working late on her assignments to meet deadlines put in place by Follet or Vaughan. She didn’t have to work late, but did because she wanted to impress Follet and work on fulfilling her need for affiliation. By filling that need for affiliation with Follet, Rinaldi hoped Follet would eventually push more challenging assignments on to her and give her feedback as part of training. Inner Work Life The interplay between an individual’s perception, emotions and motivators has an influence on their work performance. In the article â€Å"Inner Work Life,†Ã‚  Amabile and Kramer describe how a manager’s behavior can influence a subordinate’s work life. The article suggests most managers are not aware of the inner work lives of their employees, and do not value the relationship inner work life has on performance. We see this play out in the case study. Follet is not aware of Rinaldi’s way of making sense of workday events; the value she places on learning new tasks or assisting in the launch of Invi; her frustrations towards Vaughan and her role within the department; her need for achievement, autonomy and affiliation; and motivators for wanting to work at Potomac. Follet did not take an all-inclusive look at what Rinaldi was thinking and feeling as she worked in the department. Because Rinaldi’s inner work life was seldom expressed, Follet f ailed to recognize the drivers of Rinaldi’s performance. PERFORMANCE Once the obstacles and opportunities have been identified that link effort to performance, analysis of â€Å"what happened† can be discussed. Rinaldi’s personality, skills, emotions, attitudes, perceptions and goals influence her expected performance. As did the attitudes, emotions, personalities of Vaughan and Follet, Potomac’s goals and socialization process influenced Rinaldi’s effort-performance expectancy. After careful analysis, these factors lowered her performance level. She started out with ambitious goals for herself and the Invi brand, and now she is limited to what she can accomplish because of these blockages. Her time at Potomac has been menial tasks and projects for Vaughan. Only once did she have the opportunity to contribute to a project of value. But she didn’t receive any positive reinforcement from her supervising manager Natalie Follet nor did she receive any similar follow-up projects. REINFORCEMENT Rinaldi receives many versions of reinforcement at differing times and intervals within the case. Some reinforcement is positive, some negative. Reinforcement helps to modify her behavior and influence the outcomes of her performance. Rinaldi receives positive reinforcement from other managers in the office at Potomac. The article â€Å"Inner Worklife,† discusses individuals who experience more positive emotions in their work life, are shown to have increased productivity and performance. The article also suggests good managers do two things. First, good managers enable their employees to move  forward in their work. Solving a problem, achieving a goal or accomplishing a task seems to bring a positive feeling to an individual. Thus, making them feel as if they are making progress. The article states it is most important for managers to set clear goals to empower employees to move forward in their work (Amabile, 2007). The second thing good managers do, is treat their employe es like human beings. Early in the case, other Potomac managers praise her for her ambition, energy, and good ideas when she first starts with the company. As the case unfolds, she is also greeted with positive reinforcement from Bautista on a job well done with the return on investment assignment. In this example and others in the case, Follet continuously does not show Rinaldi any type of reinforcement to help shape her performance in the future. By reacting this way, Follet shows there is no appreciation for good work under her management, decreasing the odds of high performance in the future. Continually Follet is very irregular in addressing issues, situations and behaviors. Rinaldi does not know what to expect from Follet in a given situation. This creates a muddled perception of her performance from Follet’s perspective. Vaughan continuously uses the punishment as reinforcement for Rinaldi’s behavior throughout the case. â€Å"Punishment applies a negative event to increase the frequency or strength of a desirable behavior† (Champoux 182). In one example, Vaughan and Rinaldi get into an argument on prioritizing storyboards and PowerPoint presentations. Vaughan immediately sends an email to Follet reporting Rinaldi’s behavior, punishment. In minutes, Follet is in Rinaldi’s office attempting to solve the issue. Follet chooses to use negative reinforcement when she scolds Rinaldi for the PowerPoint slide incident with Vaughan. Discouraged by the confrontation by Follet, Rinaldi does as she is told and finishes the projects for Vaughan. Punishment can have some undesirable side effects on behavior. Continual use of punishment doesn’t result in learning a new behavior. It can often lead to undesirable behavior or cause a person to react emotionally. The person receiving this kind of reinforcement, Rinaldi in this case, develops negative feelings toward Vaughan. These feeling of distrust and anger can emasculate Rinaldi’s view of Follet’s ability to successfully shape behavior. Punishment is a much less effective use in behavior modification as compared to positive reinforcement. INEQUITY Despite the punishment she receives from Vaughan, and the unpredictability of Follet, Rinaldi wants to give Potomac her best effort. The effort and enthusiasm she gives to Potomac does not meet her organizational or individual needs and goals. Her effort and performance is undervalued because it is underutilized. She perceives this as a negative inequity, causing her to feel she is â€Å"worse off.† Individuals who feel they have experienced an inequity develop tension. To relieve that tension, they choose to respond by taking action in various way such as changing inputs or outcomes, withdrawal, acting on another, changing the comparison person. A specific example from the case is when Rinaldi develops frustration with Vaughan after he gives her orders to complete storyboards. In addition he places an important PowerPoint presentation to review onto her work load as well. Rinaldi perceives this situation as inequitable because she performs Vaughan’s work and her own, but receives no accreditation for her effort. Rather she receives negative reinforcement from Follet for the situation. This frustration causes Rinaldi to change her outcome by confronting Vaughan about the situation later in the day. Rinaldi was appreciative of Vaughan’s apology, but the incident lingered unsettling to her. OUTCOME Rinaldi’s performance and perceived inequity influences her outcome. Rinaldi did not receive the outcomes she anticipated when she started Potomac Waters. Especially after her review with Follet, Rinaldi felt as though her training has not and will not be a priority for Follet going forward. Rinaldi’s outcome can be divided into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic outcomes are those rewards individuals give to themselves. An example of an intrinsic outcome Rinaldi experienced is the satisfaction of completing the return on investment assignment for Follet. The challenging assignment’s completion was very self-satisfying for Rinaldi. She was hoping to receive more assignments like that in the future that would continue to sharpen her skills and abilities. Extrinsic outcomes are those rewards given to an individual by a manager as a result of the employee’s performance. Rinaldi had control over the performance she was willing to give; however, the she does not have control of the outcome received. Managers have the ability to give or withhold these rewards for an employee’s performance. Examples of extrinsic outcomes are pay increases,  bonuses, promotions, or supervisors praise. In the case, Rinaldi doesn’t experience any praise from Follet, her supervisor. In addition, Rinaldi does not receive any pay raises or promotions. Follet has withheld these outcomes from her, based on her lack of imitative on higher valued projects, assertiveness and lack of verbal contribution at meetings. Needs Rinaldi’s goals of receiving training to better prepare her for a career in marketing were not fulfilled. Her needs of achievement, autonomy, and affiliation were not met in her short time at Potomac. Rinaldi was hoping Follet would note her work performance, and assign her more challenging projects to contribute to the launch of Invi, thus building on her need for autonomy. Instead, Rinaldi went back to making copies, running errands and doing menial tasks for Vaughan such as story boards and power points. Her need for achievement was also blundered when she didn’t receive any positive feedback from Follet for a job well done on the return on investment project. A similar example was Rinaldi’s lack of achievement comes from not having a positive review with Follet. Rather, Rinaldi was reprimanded for her lack of assertiveness, initiative, and quiet demeanor during meetings. This was not the feedback she was hoping for when she took the job at Potomac. The following are examples of Rinaldi’s unsuccessful attempts to fill her need for affiliation. First, Follet and Rinaldi’s first meeting was cold and brief, unprepared for the new hire’s arrival. Follet mentioned her view of Rinaldi’s generational challenges, commenting on Generation Y’s ability to be impatient and demanding. Rinaldi assured Follet that she is a team player and quick learner. But, before Follet could respond, she was distracted by an incoming phone call. Follet made it clear how busy she was to Rinaldi, suggested that Rinaldi must learn as much as possible from Vaughan, even though Vaughan was just as busy. A separate but related incident where Rinaldi questioned her lack of affiliation to Follet was in Follet’s office. One morning Rinaldi stopped by Follet’s office to ask a question. Follet made very little effort to glance away from her computer, showing slight interest in Rinaldi, and then directed Rinaldi to take her question to Vaughan. Disappointed with her boss’s lack of interest, despite the enthusiasm she received from other managers at Potomac, she returned to her office. Rinaldi makes it quite clear her desire for affiliation to  Follet, and her internal struggles with the reasoning behind Follet’s behavior. A final example of Rinaldi’s need for affiliation stems from a project Follet and Vaughan ask her to review in late October. She spent many hours working and reworking return on investment projections for the marketing launch of Invi. When she submitted her work to the Vice President of Marketing, Julius Bautista, Bautisa emailed Rinaldi praising her contribution. She was pleased (This also filled her need for achievement). However, the two people at Potomac she wanted the approval of the most, Follet and Vaughan, said little about it and did not follow up with any similar assignments. This did not fill her need for affiliation. It didn’t get any better two weeks later when Follet presented the same return on investment data to the entire Health Drinks Division. She never once asked Rinaldi for help, nor did she involve Rin aldi in her presentation. Valance Rinaldi’s perception of the valance of all the outcomes in her situation was negative. This negative valance will determine her choice of behavior. She is nervous, frustrated, and confused about her future at Potomac. Her difficult relationship with Vaughan and lack of training opportunities from Follet has led Rinaldi to question her role at Potomac and perhaps missed opportunity at Deep Dive. RECOMMENDATIONS After careful analysis of the case and its many components, a recommendation can begin to be developed. My recommendation is designed to support the improvement of what I concluded are limitations, while maintaining the positives in the situation. It is understandable to see why Rinaldi is thinking the way she is. Her negative valance to the outcomes of situations has caused her to reconsider her inputs, motivations and role at Potomac. A recommendation may be to set up a meeting between Rinaldi and Follet to discuss Rinaldi’s personal needs and goals. The direction of the conversation could address the present non-functional situation, and then focus on developing a procedure to take training and role expectations to the next level. Once Rinaldi and Follet define Rinaldi’s role within Potomac and training expectations, perhaps a meeting could be set up with all three colleagues. Together, Follet would have the opportunity to identify common goal of the department, the launch of Invi. After discussing  the goal of the group, the team could discuss role expectations of Rinaldi and Vaughan as they relate to reaching the common goal. This will help to define the expectancies and direction of the team as they refocus their approach to Invi’s launch. Hopefully this refocus will encourage team collaboration, ultimately meeting the affiliation, autonomy and achievement needs of Rinaldi; helping Follet to reach her goal of a successful Invi launch, and meeting Vaughan’s needs for achievement and recognition for his contributions to the project. References Amabile, Teresa M., & Kramer, Steven J. (2007). Inner Work Life: Understanding the Subtext of Business Performance. Harvard Business Review, 72-83. Champoux, Joseph E. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. New York: Routledge. Groysberg, B., Lee, L., & Nohria, N. (2008 July-August). Employee Motivation: A Powerful New Model. Harvard Business Review, 78-84. Hill, Linda A. (2001 August). Martha Rinaldi: Should She Stay or Should She Go? Harvard Business School, case 4310.