Charles Law Lab Report Essay Example

Charles Law Lab Report Essay Example Charles Law Lab Report Paper Charles Law Lab Report Paper The volume of the air sample at the high temperature, when the sample is cooled to the low enrapture and becomes. All of these measurements are made directly. The experimental data is then used to verify Charleston by two methods: 1. The experimental volume (Vo) measured at the low temperature is compared to the VI predicted by Charles law where Y(t erotic at)- ) 2. The WET ratios for the air sample measured at both the high and the low temperatures are compared, Charleston predicts that these ratios will be equal. Pressure Considerations The relationship between temperature and volume defined by Charles law is valid Only if the pressure is the same When the volume s measured at each temperature. That is not the case in this experiment. 1. The volume, Vs Of air at the higher temperature, TTS is measured at atmospheric pressure in a dry Erlenmeyer flask. The air is assumed to be dry and the pres. NRC is obtained from a barometer. 2. The experimental air volume, at the lower temperature, Tip, is measured. Over water. This volume is saturated with water vapor that contributes to the total pressure in the flask. Therefore, the experimental volume must be corrected to the volume of dry Ankara atmospheric pressure. This is done using Boles law as follows: a. The partial pressure of the dry air, Poor is calculated by subtracting the vapor pressure of water from atmospheric pressure: P. RFrom-POP b. The volume that this dry air would occupy at Purr,IIS then calculated using the Boles law equation: = =Sift (vivo) PROCEDURE Wear protective glasses. NOTE: It is essential that the Erlenmeyer flask and rubber stopper assembled as dry as possible order to obtain reproducibilitys_ Dry a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask by gently heating the entire outer surface with a burner flame. Care must be used in heating to avoid breaking the flask. Fifth flask is wet, first Wipe the inner and outer surfaces with a towel to remove nearly all the water. Then, holding the flask With a test tube holder, gently heat the entire flask. Avoid placing the flask directly in the flame. Allow to cool. While the flask is cooling select a I-hole rubber stopper to fit the flask and insert a b CM piece Of glass tubing into the stopper so that the end of the tubing is flush with the bottom of the stopwatches a 3 CM piece of reprobating the glass tubing (see Figure 19. 1-). Insert (wax pencil) the distance that it is inserted. Clamp the the stopper onto the flask and mark flask so that it is submerged as far as possible in water contained in a 400 ml beaker (without the flask touching the bottom of the beaker) (see Figure 19. 2). Heat the water to boiling. Keep the flask in the gently boiling water tort at least 8 minutes to allow the air in the atlas to attain the temperature of the boiling water. Add water as needed to maintain the water level in the beaker. Read and record the temperature of the boiling water. While the flask is still in the boiling water, seal it by clamping the rubber tubing tightly with a screw clamp. Remove the flask from the hot water and submerge it in a an of cold water, keeping the top down at all times to avoid losing aim Remove the screw clamp, letting the cold water flow into the flask. Keep the flask totally submerged for about 6 minutes to allow the flask and contents to attain the temperature of the water. Read and record the temperature of the water in the pan. Figure 19. I Rubber stopper assembly Figure 192 Heating the flask (and air) in boiling water In order to equalize the pressure inside the flask with that of the atmosphere, bring the water level in the flask to the same level as the water in the pan by raising or lowering the flask (see Figure 19. ). With the water levels equal, pinch the rubber tubing to close the flask. Remove the flask from the water and set it down on the laboratory bench. Using a graduated cylinder carefully measure and record the volume of liquid in the flask, Repeat the entire experiment, use the same flask and flame dry again; make sure that the rubber stopper assembly is thoroughly dried inside and outside, After the second trial fill the flask to the brim with water and insert the stopper assembly to the mark, letting the glass and rubber furl to the top and overflows Measure the volume of water in the flask. Since this volume is the total volume of the flask, record it as the volume of air at the higher temperature. Because the same flask is used in both trials. It is necessary to make this measurement only once. Figure 19. 3 Equalizing the pressure in the flask. The water level inside the flask is adjusted to the level Of the water in the pan by raising or lowering the flask. NAME SECTION DATE REPORT PRESENTIMENT 19 Charleston INSTRUCTOR Data Table Tail 1 Temperature of boiling water, TTS Temperature of cold water, Tip Volume of water collected in flask (decrease volume due to cooling) -co CO. K co, -co, T? Ill 2 Volume of air at higher temperature, Vs.. (volume of flask measured only after Trial 2) Volume of wet air at lower temperature (volume of flask less volume of water Atmosphere pressure, reading) Vapor pressure of water at lower temperature, Poop (expanding 6) REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 19 (continued) NAME CALCULATIONS: In the spaces below, show calculation setups for T? Ill 1 only. Show answers for both trials in the boxes T bill I I, Corrected experimental volume of dry air at the lower temperature calculated from data obtained at the lower temperature. A) Pressure of dry air (App) T)IA (b) Corrected experimental volume Of dry air (lower temperature). 2 . Predicted volume of dry air at lower temperature Vs.. Calculated by Charles law from volume at higher temperature (VHF). Roth 3. Percentage error in verification of Charleston. Vivo Vt vow terror = x lo FL 4. Comparison experimental/T ratios. Use dry of volumes obstreperousnesss. ) (b) ;nun = REPORT MEET 1 g (continued) ANAL 5 . On the graph paper provided, plot the volume- temperature values used in Calculation 4. Temperature data must be in co. Draw a straight line be,even he two plotted points and extrapolate (extend) the line so that it crosses the temperature axis. QUEUE ACTIONS ADD PROBLEMS 1 . (a) In the experiment, why are the water levels inside and outside the flask equalized before removing the fl ask from the cold water? B) When the water level is higher inside than outside the flask. Is the gas pressure in the flask higher than, lower than, or the same as, the atmospheric pressure? (specify which) 2. A L AS ml sample of dry air at 230C is cooled to OICC at constant pressure, What volume will the dry air occupy at 100C? 3. A 250 ml container of a gas is at COS_ At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 125 ml, the pressure remaining constant? 4 . (a) An open flask of air is cooled. Answer the following: 1. Under which conditions, before or after cooling, does the flask contain more gas molecules? 2. Is the pressure in the flask at the lower temperature the same as, greater than, or less than the pressure in the flask before it was cooled? (b) An open flask of air is heated, stopper in the heated condition, and then allowed to cool back to mom temperature. Answer the following: 1. Does the flask notation the same, more, or fewer gas molecules now compared to before it was heated? 2. 5 the volume occupied by the gas in the flask approximately the same, greater, or less than before it was heated? 3. Is the pressure in the flask the same, greater, or less than before the flask was 4. DO any Of the above conditions explain Why water rushed into the flask at the lower temperature in the experiment? Amplify your answer. 5. On the graph you plotted, (a) At what temperature does the extrapolated line intersect the r. Axis? Co (b) At what temperature does Charleston pred ict that the extrapolated line should intersect the r-axis?

New Year Reflection Quotes and Sayings

New Year Reflection Quotes and Sayings The New Year is a moment of quiet reflection. Reflect on the year gone by; of the happy gains and missed opportunities. Recount the good and bad of the past year. Introspect on your personal growth, and learn from the experience. New Year is the time to ensure that we bring balance to our life with positive influences overriding the negative ones. New Year Reflection Quotes Here are some wonderful New Year quotes and sayings that inspire you to re-energize yourself. E. MarshallWhen then is lost, as time is by,We look upon the yearly wineTo see our substance in the lees.Did tribe and purse most pleasing leave?To look for clear and faithful sense,That gives a bodied stance bouquet,Then see the vat at mirrors faceand find in it, the yearly pace.Thomas HoodAnd ye, who have met with adversitys blast,And been bowd to the earth by its fury;To whom the twelve months, that have recently passdWere as harsh as a prejudiced jury - Still, fill to the Future! and join in our chime,The regrets of remembrance to cozen,And having obtained a New Trial of Time,Shout in hopes of a kindlier dozen.Sir Walter ScottEach age has deemed the new-born year. The fittest time for festal cheer.Charles LambNo one ever regarded the First of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam.Judith CristHappiness is too many things these days for anyone to wish ill on anyone lightly. So lets ju st wish each other a bileless New Year and leave it at that. Helen FieldingI do think New Years resolutions cant technically be expected to begin on New Years Day, dont you? Since, because its an extension of New Years Eve, smokers are already on a smoking roll and cannot be expected to stop abruptly on the stroke of midnight with so much nicotine in the system. Also dieting on New Years Day isnt a good idea as you cant eat rationally but really need to be free to consume whatever is necessary, moment by moment, in order to ease your hangover. I think it would be much more sensible if resolutions began generally on January the second.Brooks AtkinsonDrop the last year into the silent limbo of the past. Let it go, for it was imperfect, and thank God that it can go.Mark TwainNew Years is a harmless annual institution, of no particular use to anybody save as a scapegoat for promiscuous drunks, and friendly calls and humbug resolutions.W.H. AudenThe only way to spend New Years Eve is either quietly with friends or in a brothel. Otherwise when the e vening ends and people pair off, someone is bound to be left in tears. Jean Paul RichterEvery man regards his own life as the New Years Eve of time.Thomas MannTime has no divisions to mark its passage, there is never a thunder-storm or blare of trumpets to announce the beginning of a new month or year. Even when a new century begins it is only we mortals who ring bells and fire off pistols.Charles LambOf all sound of all bells... most solemn and touching is the peal which rings out the Old Year.John Greenleaf WhittierWe meet todayTo thank Thee for the era done,And Thee for the opening one.

Property law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Property law - Essay Example This may require a fee payment to prove the ability. The requirements inform the authority on the types of activities they should do and give them an opportunity to come up with conditions and the limitations. The licensing process is one of the richest retail markets in the world ( Lewicki, Saunders, Minton , & Barry, 2003). However, having a license is not an instant success. It will need good marketing and selling to succeed. It is a cost effective tool for marketing when it is well used. Licensing has three main advantages. First, it means that you have a unique thing, which your competitors do not have. Secondly, it means that you are getting a little better advantage because it is different from the rest. Thirdly, it means that you have something different that you can easily sell to the retailers. Licensing is important to both the licensor and the licensee, to the licensor for example a company that does not want to be involved in the manufacture of some products it can licen se out to any of its partners but retaining its ownership but only get some economic benefit from the royalty income. Licensing out can also help a company expand its operation to other new markets and commercialize its business. It may also be used to get an access to new markets that are not accessible. The licensee may make translation of instruction and labels required to enter a foreign market and to modify the goods to conform to local regulations and rules and the expansion of marketing. To the licensee it makes one reach the market faster, and supply new products with then access of the license and improve its services and marketing after getting a marketing opportunity. Licensing of properties is categorized into; technology licenses, trademark and merchandise licenses and publish and entertainment licenses. Licensing mainly involves trade secrets and patents. The sharia or Islamic law has several sources like the Quran, the Sunna and others. The aspect of property licensin g and protection of property is considered on three aspects: property, contract, and public interest. To establish a law one should be able to point at a verse in the Quran, a tradition or Hadith of the prophet Muhammad. The license under property law Property rights are intangible; they cannot be seen or touched. Due diligence is required before starting on any kind of licensing transaction or agreement. One has to gather enough information on the licensor, the market the market being developed and the legal business environment. Property licensing is therefore the permission given to the licensee by the licensor. It is mainly categorized to patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Property licensing is created by statute; they are created by legislation, which gives the limits and scope of protection of the property. They may vary according to territory for example a patent in U.S.A is enforceable and valid only in the U.S. or it can also be international for example a copyright in a book which is authored in a particular country say England is valid in all Common Wealth countries. The main two categories of property license are hard property rights, which include patents, trademarks and copyrights while the soft property rights include trade secrets, confidential information and know how. A patent is an agreement to license or give a right to a licensee like a manufacturer to sell and use the invention that he has claimed in that patent, and to

Fiat. A troubled European Giant. Answer 4 questions+Introduction and Coursework

Fiat. A troubled European Giant. Answer 4 questions+Introduction and Summary - Coursework Example The company fell because of embezzlement of funds by the Agnelli family, which owns about 34% of the normal shares through the holding companies Ifi and Ifil. The Agnelli Family control maintenance has been a priority hence making it hard for Fiat to enter into treacheries and joint businesses that are common among its rivals. Fiat has been investing slowly in the quality improvements and other innovations placing itself at a weak position of quality guarantees when competition was opened in the market. The company had many debts that amounted to 6bn, with its falling selling that fetched it losses. Still in this state about 6000 job were lost and production was stopped in 18 plants. The company offset some ventures such as insurance and aero- engines operations. Even though Mr. Berlusconi had promised to improve economy, cut taxes, and reforms in the structure, he faced troubles to accomplish them as he faced public rejection to the unpalatable changes. Intense competition and a declining market share is the main problem, which causes the following; as domestic brands tend to dominate home market, Fiat’s proportion of sales in Italy is high. Still, this dominance is on decline, as in 2004 domestic brands had fallen approximately for 30% of sales. Fiat’s business face generational turnover and increased overseas competition. Initially, Fiat was closely allied with the government which was instrumental to its post-war economic recovery and which enabled Fiat to shelter from international competition. In addition, the company concentrates on the compact market in European countries whereby with a small company they can continue to pay more attention to the quality of their products. Fiat’s vehicles have been enhanced greatly which made the company get over $ 70 million Euros as the demand of their cars increased. The company needs to turn around the business so that it would be attractive enough for General Motors to its shares. In

Essay --

African-Americans, who only comprised 13% of regular drug users, made up for 35% of drug arrests, 55% of convictions, and 74% of people sent to prison for drug possession crimes. Also, three-fourths of all people incarcerated for drug offenses are either Black or Latino, the majority of illegal drug users are white. There is obviously something gone ridiculously wrong. Many African Americans that lived in the South were unable to vote, and even if they tried to, they had to pass literacy tests or even pay poll taxes. Also, places of employment were segregated as well; â€Å"White southerners refused to work under black supervisors and most white craftsmen strenuously opposed the hiring of African Americans in the skill trades† (Remembering 206). Kennedy states in his book that people of color were always â€Å"the last to get hired and the first to get fired† (Kennedy 113), so because of this it was extremely hard for African Americans to find employment or even keep a steady job due to discrimination they faced. This form of discrimination made it hard for African Americans to make a living for themselves during this time and is similar to how criminals are treated in today’s society. The practice of the Jim Crow Laws back during the 1870’s to the mid 1960’s is similar to how criminals are discriminated against today. Throughout America, prison inmates in 48 states, paroles in 33 states, and probationers in 29 states are not allowed to vote (Karjick). This is about 4.7 million Americans that are denied this right (Karjick). One may argue that the poor choices that these 4.7 million Americans have made make them untrustworthy to help make decisions for the country but labeling these people as criminals should not define ... ...ent opportunities, these children are forced to be raised in severe poverty. A theory that has been done by a researcher, who has been funded by the National Institutes of health, claims that the stresses of poverty can lead to impaired learning abilities in children (Stresses). The stress that is triggered by poverty is dangerous and can really affect our children’s future. The New Jim Crow system that has been redesigned in America leaves a lot of people with criminal backgrounds jobless and stuck in a second-class status. Discriminating against the criminals is morally wrong and it not only affects them but others such as their loved ones as well. â€Å"All men are created equal† is a famous phrase from The Declaration of Independence that America would like to believe, but it is clear that today’s society is unequal just based on how criminals are treated.

Macy’s Department Store Repositioning Essay

Executive Summary As the global recession happened, the traditional department stores were experiencing consistently declining sales and market share. Also, the traditional department stores industry is between mature and decline stage of life cycle. Macy’s changed parts of their strategy and consolidation that focuses on localizing management, strengthening supplier relationships and providing products and customer service based on local consumer preferences. However, the consolidation was not with problems. With dealing these problems Macy’s changed parts of the strategy as following: * Continuing to adjust its portfolio of store. * Focusing on Fashion. * Continuing to develop and debut Macy’s private labels in bedding, outwears etc. * Increasing national advertising with emphasis on fashion and service. Statement of the problem/opportunity/and objectives The tradition department stores were one of the areas hit by the recession. While some companies dropped previously supported causes and programs, Macy’s got more profit and market share through repositioning strategy and consolidation, even with the rough economic times. Analysis of the situation External and internal Macy’s is a kind of traditional department store, and consolidation in 2005, at that time the economy is quite good. In 2008, the broad environment is not good; the economy of U.S. entered a recession. The sales of Macy’s are decreased. Also, in 2011, the price of gasoline and cotton were increased. This increased the cost of Macy’s. So the profit and market share of Macy’s reduced. As the department stores industry was attracting fewer and fewer consumers, Macy’s entered into the declining industry life cycle model. The recession and the declining industry life cycle model are both negatively affect the success of Macy’s. Although the external factors are not good, the internal factors are very good for Macy’s. One such factor was Macy’s has the national recognition. Another positive factor is Macy’s is really strong. It has 810 stores across the United States. Thirdly, Macy’s has the experience management. Macy’s was founded between 1843 and 1855 in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts. Department stores created for â€Å"one-stop shopping†, Moreover, they had specific experience in converting regional brands to the Macy’s brand. A fourth factor contributing to the successful consolidation was that Macy’s made their stores on prime locations. These internal factors are positive for the success of Macy’s. Porter’s five –forces model Porter’s five –forces model describes the competitive environment in terms of five basic competitive forces: 1. The threat of new entrants. Macy’s had more competitors because more and more self-made fashion lines join to the market to get the market shares, such as H&M, Forever 21. Self-made fashion brands remodeled for more pleasant shopping experience. It is the threat for Macy’s. Also, the developed national stores have the lower cost and overcome quality and service same as Macy’s, it cause the competition. 2. The bargaining power of buyers. Buyers threaten an industry by forcing down price, bargaining for higher quality or more service, and playing competitors against each other. Macy’s has lower cost but because of the bad economic, the customers have little bargaining power. Secondly, Macy’s already had everyday value. They give lower price means they will get lower profit. Low profit creates incentives to lower purchasing costs. However, highly profitable buyers are generally less price sensitive. 3. The bargaining power of suppliers. Supplier power refers to the ability of providers of inputs to determine the price and terms of supply. Suppliers can exert power over firms industry by raising prices or reducing the quality of purchased goods and services, so reducing profitability. After Macy’s consolidation, Macy’s bought mass amounts from same buyers and Macy’s have strong relationship with these buyers. The bargaining power of suppliers is really high. 4. The threat of substitute products and services. All firms and industry compete with other industries offering substitute products or services. The threat of substitute products and services was the major concern, particularly with discounters such as Target offering similar products, and large chain that specialized in clothes such as H&M. 5. The intensity of the rivalry among competitors in an industry Rivalry refers to the degree to which firms respond to competitive moves of the other firms in the industry. Macy’s repositioned its industry segment to the upper middle level. Macy’s decided to change the strategy, they will be more fashionable and fashion at lower price. Also Macy’s change the brand to focus in attracting customers interested in fashion rather than customers in a specific demographic. Unique and a sustainable competitive advantage Macy’s repositioned itself as an upper-middle level store is easily imitable. Other department stores also can position as the same level. But Macy’s attempt to become â€Å"America’s department store† is something that other, small department stores cannot imitate. Also, Macy’s focus on less traditional and conservative than other department stores is a flawed value proposition, but it is not a bad one. Because of some of the consumers may like the traditional Macy’s. Consolidating brands to allow for lower prices is a good way to cut cost and to be unique. Identification and evaluation of alternatives Macy’s consolidation and repositioning strategy is really good and Macy’s did the best decisions. Because as the external environment is bad but Macy’s use itself internal advantage to consolidate and reposition to gain back the market share and profit. Consolidation and repositioning strategy help Macy’s get more brand power, prime location and improved consumer experience. Additional Macy’s got consumers focus on the affordable fashion. However, it also came with some problems such as uncertain industry conditions, excess costs and emphasis on standardization. Macy’s Future As Macy’s pursued an aggressive strategy in 2011, Macy’s was doing well. Almost everybody knows the everyday value of Macy’s and Macy’s afford the â€Å"America department store†. But department stores industry is in declining and competition is growing rapidly. Macy’s has recently instituted the strategy to compete in a tough market. So Macy’s is doing well and have huge advantage, but maybe other department stores will catch up and overcome in following years. Macy’s may change strategy when economy, competition change.

Second Order Information - 1474 Words

Anthrcul101 Sec 033 First Writing Assignment PROMPT 1: In her chapter â€Å"How Do You Know†, Ilana Gershon introduces the concept of second order information. Second order information refers to the conjecture of the background information or concealed meaning of a communicated message. The communicated message’s phrases are analyzed beyond their initial literal meanings in order to decipher any expectations or intentions the message may deliver. Various mediums of communication allow for different ways to interpret second order information and new communicative technologies produce new ways to incorporate second order information into daily communication. Even seemingly insignificant details such as mispronouncing words or spelling and†¦show more content†¦The procedure anthropologists followed while dealing with skeletons is: Take cranial pieces inside to dry under heat lamps in preparation for reconstruction, then go back outside to lay out bones in anatomical position†¦Get one other anthropologist’s reference on the aging and record the information in the Anthro log. Clean the femur, measure maximum length, and calculate stature estimate†¦Start by going over all postcranial trauma, discussing whether it’s peri or post and what caused it; then move on to cranial trauma [Koff, 2004:146] The anthropologists are required to record the aging of the bones and various forms of trauma. They also show the use of anthropometry by measuring and recording the dimensions of the bones as they placed â€Å"all elements on the green background cloth or the sandbox, in the standard orientations for the photographer; hold or place the ruler with the case number next to each element† (Koff 2004:147). I believe Koff is striving to tell a specific story based on the team’s findings. Although she mentions that she enjoys working with dead bodies and finds them fascinating, there is a bigger reason she is so passionate about her work. In the text, there is a small passage that displays her emotion towards murder. She writes â€Å"I felt anger toward people who deem murder an acceptable political policy. I felt the last of my naivetà © drain away as I uncovered more and more people shot while their hands were tied. And IShow MoreRelatedFirst and Second-Order Cybernetics32 47 Words   |  13 Pagesindividual. Just from these approaches we already have opposing views concerning reality. 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