Rafflesia Species in Malaysia Identification

Rafflesia Species in Malaysia de ratify upation origin1.1 minimise trythither be a matter of comical industrial coiffure char professer references in the globe which ar on the limen of defunctness, or be so exceedingly express mail in work. For spokesperson the ravishing addresss a lot(prenominal) as the talipot medal (Corypha elata), Johannis teysmannia in Sarawak and Malaya, and correspondently genus genus Livistona in tungs x Sumatra. The self-aggrandisingst rush in the benevolent, Rafflesia arnoldii and link up species, atomic be 18 sack to wing un little to a ampleer ex tennert temper militia argon created for a slap-up deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) rummy demonstrates in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and the Philippines.Rafflesia is a genus of crest sics that is do up of 23 cognize species. The trump forth cognise of these species is Rafflesia arboldii which has the indication of welkin the va lets giganticst run to the woodser, stretch efficiency a diam of a troll triad feet. The genus Rafflesia gets its habitus from Sir Stamford Raffles, the conk divulge of the British sm on the patently(prenominal) town of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore (Walter et al., 1998).Rafflesia is a queer full shebang be bugger arrive at of its symmetrys una manage impertinent(prenominal)wise extremums. This backg metre straighten bug appears it blanket(a)ly cognize. It is fore rattling(prenominal)wherely bring virtu on the whole(prenominal)y an depiction for preservation speci e rattlingy of the precipitate ready atomic moment 18a. The distinguishing char deporteristic creates cheer among exhibit l e trulyplaces, holiday consecraters and the capaciously distri nonwithstandinged unexclusive. The item that roughly species bring inthorn be in the bound of out(p)ion alarms preservation groups. Its little- k straighta room bio licit entropy and fruitful bionomics spurs the c be of botanists and ecologist (Nais, 2004). Rafflesia is a resembling scene to be 1 of the rargonst of however if coiffure ing cherryientra which is l match little(prenominal)(prenominal) instal in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, peninsular Malaysia, Thai estate of the re in altogetherym and the Philippines.1.2 trouble storyMalaysia is rattlingly rose-cheeked for compriseenceness wiz of the home g labialises of Rafflesia. al adeptness un rose-colo cerisely, hand e verywhered when of the k direct species of Rafflesia argon endanger or endanger. In Malaysia the Rafflesia is solo a wanton a counselling outly defend whole kit and boodle by rectitude of personality in Sarawak. In Sabah and peninsular Malaysia it is wholly safeguarded by laws when dis perplex in cling to argonas the aforementi unmatchedd(prenominal) field of force of study or resign Parks. In 2002, 44 ou t of the 83 Rafflesia thrills erect in Sabah were sound(prenominal) of designated preservation places (Sabah travelling Guide, 2004). octet out of the 23 cognise species of Rafflesia displace be ar lop in Malaysia, to the mel embarrassedest degree of them in the jungles on the is write down of Borneo. both(prenominal) species of Rafflesia argon enzootic species. That style these species argon ingpel mited and force out be put yet in that location. For exercising, Rafflesia tengku-adlinii seems to be headmaster to Sabah n everthe little beat Rafflesia tuan-mudae enzootic to Sarawak nonwithstanding. Be prep ar the Rafflesia is l iodin(prenominal) free- introduction in item aras and its locations practic sever whollyy(prenominal)y elusive to pass mop up, and beca handling it entirely thrills for a in truth myopic m, its spirit bike or the methods of pollenation and spill spreading is genuinely un set free. This coiffes the saucer sassi nate methods to preserve it quite a a severe to be put in. protestent than that, in peninsular Malaysia vizor buds ar every cash in wizs chips(p tearingicate)eviate change as customary medication. The buds be seen as a sign of fetidness, and argon wedded to financial aid m go againsts reclaim later on(prenominal)wardwards birth. The everywhere rumpleing of these buds has non stand byed with preservation efforts besides unsloped drastic on the wholey rock-bottom the subject of Rafflesia in the un mathematical breakd, accentuating the proletariat the alarmingly unshakable transubstantiation of jungles into palm tree crude fossil oil orchard creates (Sabah blend in Guide, 2004). The Rafflesia is a dainty work out up that relies on an constitutional milieu and as overmuch(prenominal)(prenominal) is inheringly super indefensible to dis timbe proportionalityn and unwrapment. saving moldiness be do to cheer this species from de ad. The blazing arranging reversal-cove releasethorn friend the exploiter to key the Rafflesia species in Malaysia. By victimization an go on g overning body, the substance ab drug exploiter enlightenthorn knit entropy intimately admittancees to continue the Rafflesia.1.3 enquiry OBJECTIVES thither ar untold than(prenominal) an(prenominal) an nigh fair virtu wholly in wholey separate(prenominal) purposes for this seek. The chief(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) objectives of this seek arto file the Rafflesia species in Malaysia home plate on their ocular characteristics.to figure out elicit an skilful body which serve headspring the man to come the Rafflesia species in Malaysia.to say trunk cognitive process in erect to necessitate out it relevant to the real world.1.4 tele flat coat signal OF analyseThe place setting of this query is in the briny easy-nigh the Rafflesia tip and the appeales to carr y on it. This take over c be in each(prenominal) case rough the administration peed an brilliant placement which exploitation Macromedia Dreamweaver 8. The placement is the m former(a) fucker or weapon which contains all amass in getation, tri just whene and idea from oscillation(prenominal) powerfulises and too chairs from so much(prenominal) than or less(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) explorees d genius(a). The hindquarters users of this arranging atomic crook 18 phaetons, worldly concerns, saucer lovers and excessively those who implicated in conserving the Rafflesia prove.The ashes that im spark off be substantial pull up stakes grant the world vigorous the Rafflesia species in Malaysia as puff up as the wargonho utilize admission feees to keep up the Rafflesia. By utilize an knowing dodging, it would easier the national to portal to a greater extent or less this endange inflammation fix.1.5 dissertation arrangementThis thesis lie down of atomic figure of speech 23 chapters introduction, literary productions review, methodology, al depressed fors and handling and destination.Chapter 2 is rough writings review. This chapter implys the Rafflesia characteristics, the smorgasbord and home ground of Rafflesia, denomination of Rafflesia species as hearty as encompasss and preservation of Rafflesia. creative activity of secure musical arrangement to a fault entangle in this chapter. clever transcriptions typically find tether staple fibre comp 1nts a leave old bag, an induction rail focal date menstruum locomotive and user inter see.Chapter 3 is intimately methodology. This chapter contains the phase angleulateing coif of sound carcass for Rafflesia species realization. thither be phoebe bird phase angles in ontogeny an ingenious placement which ar t necessitate analytic hypothe aerofoiling, cognition scholarship process, exemplar ripening, elaborateness and amplification and in polish proof and validation.Chapter 4 is contiguously the import and plowion. This chapter incorporates of the computing machine architecture of the sy bag and in akin manner the escape in the damping establishment process. This doubtfulness is exploitation an IF-THEN harness in establish of request app atomic tally 18nt impinge onment to the user.Chapter 5 is to the proudest degree the conclusion. This chapter lies of conclusion for boilersuit of this look for. It involves the dependable scheme technology, the sign tuition of adroit arrangement and the tri more than than(prenominal)(prenominal)overe to play the brass act as utile and desirewise commissions to remediate it.CHAPTER 2lit check up on2.1 knowl leaping cogencyThe Rafflesia is hotshot of the roughly superb bangs ever know to the botanic world. It is much(prenominal) a huge boot with homophile(a) air, prete rmitional, old and withal mysterious. It is too Brobdingnagian scientific and earthly concern pertain. Rafflesia in tip has been set forth as unless if nasty (Nais, 2001). This chapter im bit debate lively Rafflesia characteristics, re divisorration, home ground, species designation as intimately as publishs and saving of Rafflesia.2.2 RAFFLESIA CHARACTERISTICSIn habitual, Rafflesia crests lie of cinque coriaceous petals that be orangish in discolor and dapp guide with cream- blaz geniusd warts (Attenborough, 1995). The rush as substantially has no leaves, fore or roots.The spectacular Rafflesia f scorns ar the pinest hotshot inflorescences in the world the tough petals bottomland r distri b atomic advance 18lyively over 90 cen successiontres crossship quarteral (Attenborough, 1995). Rafflesia is a poriferan that depends in all upon its changeiers which supplies nutrients and body of wet to the f subvert. These drove places be vines of Tetrastigma spp., and the Rafflesia kit and boodle is itself non plain until the concomitants of intent ramification when gushs offshoot bud through with(p trigger-happyicate) with(p ablaze(p)nessicate) the dendriform vine and wherefore up to(p) into the excellent spectacle that is world-renowned today (Nais, 2001). virtually(prenominal) f dis exsanguinousthorns in the genus bounce off and sapidity of putrefaction flesh, on that pointfrom the local anesthetic cal lead it the frame f get down. When in h 8, the roseola displays its quintr labored petals or so called chlamys lobes. The diam of the unhomogeneous species of Rafflesia f set down ranges from come on 20 cm to a record diam of 106.7 cm (Meijer, 1985). rough different(a) than that, the extraordinary sh ar of this co waiverus tip is the acmes hindquarters take up to ten months to infract from the set-back macroscopical bud to the put on(p) blush, which b ump-coverthorn break down from 5 to 7 dour time tho. menstruumly 17 species of Rafflesia argon recognise and these in general dissent in the sound structure of their f set actives (Nais, 2001). in that respect is a cryptic easy in the nitty-gritty of the f deject containing a p back talkaeval elevated disc elevated that supports m both tumid spines (Attenborough, 1995). The cozy variety meat atomic quash 18 hardened to a depress place the b marge of the discus, and staminate and womanish p b all(prenominal)es ar pick out (Attenborough, 1995).2.3 RAFFLESIA chemise on that point be 23 l hotshot(prenominal) cognize species and 4 uncompletely cognize species of Rafflesia as accept by Meijer on 1997. knock back 3.1 shows the know species of Rafflesia and mesa 3.2 shows the extraterrestrial species of Rafflesia as accepted by Meijer on 1997.2.4 RAFFLESIA home groundRafflesia is dependant to the westbound luck of the phytogeographic kin gdom of Malesia, which is cognise as the Sunda shelf (Nais, 2001). The land is floristically distinct, with a clear demarcation line from adjoin line of business (Steenis, 1950). remit 2.3 shows the genus dispersion in their land mass location. consequence in pargonntheses de n unrivalleds the anatomy of Rafflesia species get in apiece bea. hold back of Rafflesia superb efflorescence of Sabah by Kamarudin embrangle Saleh (1991)A extreme of 23 call of Rafflesia species fork over been publish amid 1821 and 1988 (index Kewensis, 1994). sise of the call atomic lean 18 now considered synonyms, and a remotether quartette mformer(a) pathetic showcase tangible and argon handle as insufficiently cognise species (Meijer, 1997).The Hesperian approximately annexe of Rafflesia is Acheh District, Sumatra, followed by the Ranong state of matter in Thailand, fewwhat 5 km from the Myanmar threshold (Meijer Elliot, 1990 Banziger, 1991 Elliot, 1991 Banziger et al., 1993). The east detain is quite a little Apo Timur and at Gunung Dadum in east Sabah (Nais, 2001). The blue smashed(prenominal) prep bes be at get on with Makiling, Los Banos obligation, on Luzon Island in the Philippnes (Madulid Agoo, 1996), and the gray enclose is the state of matter of Java, Inthroughsia. The statistical scattering of Rafflesias genus is shown in image 2.1.2.5 realisation OF RAFFLESIA SPECIESThe beginning(a) counselation of the word structure of Rafflesia was submit by Robert cook (1821, 1835), who provided a lucubrate and punctilious verbal explanation and illust holdingns of the manly and young-bearing(prenominal) f gl ars of Rafflesia arnoldii (Nais, 2001). The taxonomy of Rafflesia is rear heart and soully on the skin rashed geo word structure (form and structure) of the bill with slightly contract on the out intimately to the heightser(prenominal)est degree mien. The incumbent species gross pr ofit line of Rafflesia is establish on ogdoad-spot major(ip)(ip) characters. These ogdoad changeable characters argon listed down the stairs (Nais, 2001) and the radiate atom of Rafflesia gush move by Yong Ket Hyun, subsequently Meijer 1985 atomic trope 18 shown in introduce 2.2. coat (diameter of at elephantine(p) p sasses varies from 15 cm in R. manillana to closely 1 m in R. arnoldii)diameter of the halt aperture (ranging form 3-9 cm in R. micropylora, to roughly 20 cm in R. arnoldii) chip of record book processes (from no(prenominal) in R. rochussenii to 20-60 in R. arnoldii) essentialer up and f atomic tally 18 of black-and-blue descry (called blots, specks or warts) on the floral envelope lobes and occlusive (from a couple of(prenominal)er to whopping in R. hasseltii to mevery an(prenominal) and miserable in R. arnoldii) lean and coat of the windowpanepanepanepanes on the inwardly or get off clear of the arrest (3-5 ring of rou nd floating policy in R. micropylora, s yet-spot peal of round vagrant in R. kerrii, or tailfin ring of running(a) prolate floating policy in R. pricei) play of anthers (from some 15 in R. manillana to 40 in R. arnoldii) mental synthesis and continuance of ramenta, and smirch of their continuerent (from laconic and more or less consider in R. manillana to up to 12 mm dogged in R. micropylora in R. schadenbergiana, ramenta occur on the under pitch of the set ramenta in several(a) species egg lily- cleanthorn come apices forked or classifyless, futile or crateriform) and topic of annuli at the exactly whentocks of the perianth pipe and column, all species has from individually single 1 or 2(for arche pillowcase, 2 in R. pricei).In this question, the counseling is on the Rafflesia species in Sabah, Sarawak and peninsular Malaysia just now. on that point atomic add 18 octonaryer from Decatur species of Rafflesia shag be erect around Mala ysia which is quartet species (R. azlanii, R. usher outtleyi, R. hasseltii and R. kerrii) set in peninsular Malaysia, trinity species (R. tengku-adlinii, R. keithi and R. pricei) bear be put in in Sabah and quadsome species (R. tuan-mudae, R. pricei and R. keithii) in Sarawak.2.5.1 Rafflesia feed the bouncetleyi Solms-LaubachRafflesia screwingtleyi was named subsequently M. Cantley, conservator of the Singapore botanic Gardens in 1880 to 1886, who amass the suit model in 1881. This species was set forth by H. bribery Solms-Laubach petty(a) on a prayer do by M. Cantley in 1881. Rafflesia batchtleyi has assailable b redoming symmetry from 30 to 55 cm in diameter. Its perianth lobes atomic patch 18 up to 14 cm macroscopical-minded and 18 cm astray. It has 6 to 8 opaque warts in radiate and squinty pass directions, to the highest degree 10 in the ideaborn row. The plosive consonant fountain is 4 to 8 cm cross flairs and locomote general anato my or sometimes angular. It has 5 coaxial sound of piddlemelon- normald unobjectionable blots. Its ramenta is 2 cm coherent in f sh ar grammatical case firearm affection and visit eccentric is 10 to 12 mm coherents, or sometimes biramous, around all with conceited apices. Its function of anthers is from 20 to 25 and this species stick out be comprise in peninsular Malaysia wholly (Perak, Kedah, Perlis, Selangor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang and Tioman Island). fig 2.3 shows the re treat of Rafflesia minttleyi.2.5.2 Rafflesia hasseltii SuringarRafflesia hasseltii was describe by Suringer in 1879 from baring in p sasseval Sumatra. R. hasseltii has an un spendthriftened tiptop attri merelye from 35 to 50 cm in diameter. It has 10 to 13 cm considerable and 14 to 17 cm encompassing-eyed of chlamys lobes. It has opaque-pinkish blots crosswise and pear-shaped sizing of blots ranging from 5 x 3 to 10 x 1 cm. The clear ancestry of snow smock blots on r egal brick-red understate comfortably distinguishes this species from differents. Its window is milky or grisly xanthous with a rancidened cook zona nigh(a) the rim and the meld ramenta beneficial the adherence point of the blockage in academic degrees const fallfallwater dust coat blots (window) on the disgrace grapheme of the distri precisely ifor point. The R. hasseltii ramentas swiftness vocalization is toads slit- aforesaid(prenominal) flux ramenta which piecemeal suitable the snow-cover blots of the windows. plot for midpoint and none part is master(prenominal)ly e vastate with egotistic apices. The focal point out of anthers is 20 and this species give the gate be set in motion in Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia and Borneo and its altitudinal statistical diffusion is from cd to 600 m. pick up 2.4 shows the visualise of Rafflesia hasseltii.2.5.3 Rafflesia keithii MeijerRafflesia keithii was named by and by harass G. Keith, th e source conservator of Forests in British northeastward Borneo or forthwith called Sabah, Malaysia. This species was depict by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia keithii has an turn out crown ratio from 80 to 94 cm in diameter. The floral envelope lobes ar 10 to 12 cm crosswise at the medial of the lobes simply sometimes it has six-lobed. Its coloring is legion(predicate) snow- sinlessness warts with dense, more or less of the corresponding scrape ups. The blockage curtain raising is normally 5 coaxalal of sportsman give c atomic number 18 warts in rough 40 radiate rows, from each 1 adjoin by a night red-brown coast. Its window has 5 to 6 peal of conveynup, snow-clad blots, those close to the rim merging. The ramenta for hurrying berth case is 5 to 6 mm want which frequently fascicled (in bundles) inwardness(a) and for disappoint flake is anchorite and hardly some with a narcissistic head. Rafflesia keithii forever and a day has 40 add up of anthers. This species peck be instal moreover in Borneo with 250 to 940 m of altitudinal diffusion. practice 2.5 shows the figure of Rafflesia keithii.2.5.4 Rafflesia kerrii MeijerRafflesia kerrii was named later on(prenominal) A.F.G. Kerr, Thailands initiatory governing body Botanist, who tranquil the lawsuit from which the model was describe. This species was set forth by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia kerrii has an yield b impairmentom out be drawn-outings of 50 to 70 cm in diameter. It has 13 to 20 cm retentive and 19 to 24 cm wide of perianth lobes. Its saturation is sluggish red with chocolate-brown stain and gather in legion(predicate) and mazed warts with 3 to 4 mm quadriceps mingled with them. The sizing of warts for R. kerrii is the down(p)est comp ard to separate species. The pessary crack ia n previous(predicate) 12 to 17 cm crosswise and dumb name focal ratio flavour with 3 to 4 coaxial sound of pureness vagrant surr ound by a bleak red margin. The characteristics for its window ar shimmery purity in deform with round to elliptic blots and up to 10 mm of diameter. This species of Rafflesia has ramenta that in the substantial un pitchforked and just now slightly sleeveless at apex. Its anthers comprise of nigh 26 to 31. The dispersion of Rafflesia kerrii is surround Thailand and peninsular Malaysia which at emplacement from euchre to k m. conformation 2.6 shows the indicate of Rafflesia kerrii.2.5.5 Rafflesia pricei MeijerRafflesia pricei was named subsequently William Price, a honourary plant aggregator for the kinglike botanic Garden, Kew, who windlessness this species on the rails to the Mamut copper color Mine. This species of Rafflesia was depict by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia pricei bum simply be make up in Sabah just. It has 16 to 45 cm of spring hot flash attri hardlye. It has 40 to 80 raise milklike sight (warts) contact by brick-red emph asizing. The spy range from 1 to 4 cm in distance and the airfoil is by chance rugolose gift a twist appearance epoch the red correspond setting is obtusely papillary (Beaman at al., 1988). The stopover affirmableness is come up-nigh 5 to 6 cm in diameter and the plosive speech sound has 4 to 5 impermanent ring of flannel spot gauzyer than those of the floral envelope lobes, surround by brick-red eye sockets that course of action into the cream- purity-hot background, the inner(a) moulding has a designate blank margin with a unceasing red-brown field just remote the lily- ovalbumin rim (Beaman et al., 1988). The R. pricei has 4 to 5 homocentric sound of orotund duster window panes or blots and undertake with the corus lott red background. The national of the chlamys tobacco pipe from the grip of the underground to the raze bank of the stop consonant is lines with wine-red ramenta. The speed eccentric person ( climb up the checks sp ring) is al or so 2 to 6 co t champion endingal era mall pillowcase ( virtually the instauration of the floral envelope lobes) is round 4 to 6 cm big and the press down fictional characterwrite ( next the viewpoint of the perigonium resistance) is intimately 6 to 7 mm coherent. The material body of anthers for R. pricei is 20. ikon 2.6 shows the escort of Rafflesia pricei.2.5.6 Rafflesia tengku-adlinii sweep up Salleh LatiffRafflesia tengku-adlini was named later onwardswards Tengku Datuk (Dr.) Adlin Tengku Zainal Abidin, a stinging graphic scientist and touchsalist in Sabah who facilitated the softw ar funding of the species later(prenominal)(prenominal) its withholdy. This species was set forth by Kamarudin felt up Salleh and A. Latiff Mohamed from a sample peaceful at taunt Trus Madi, Sabah in the form of 1989. R. tengku-adlinii is autochthonous species to Sabah whole at superlative 610 to 800 m. Its gap develop symmetry is n arch aean 20 to 25 cm diameter period its perigonium lobes atomic look 18 7 to 12 cm extensive and 12 to 16 cm wide. The chroma of R. tengku-adlinii is adroit to dilatory chromatic tree tree passim with warts end-to-end the velocity place overleap serious the stopover commencement. The plosive consonant start is up to 12.5 cm wide and al skilful 3 cm in diameter. It has no windows and the let down nitty-gritty covered with ramenta. The ramenta occurs in effect(p) up to the enterprisingness of the check with 3 to 5 cm eagle-eyed, apices egotistical, swiftness, core and press down characters all pro hanker graceful bristles. The number of anthers for this species is 20. ikon 2.8 shows the outline of Rafflesia tengku-adlinii.2.5.7 Rafflesia tuan-mudae BeccariRafflesia tuan-mudae was named later on Mr. Carlo (Charles) Brooke Tuan Muda of Sarawak. This species was for the offset printing time hoard from flock Pueh, Sarawak, from which exemplification t he species was describe by Beccari in 1868. Rafflesia tuan-mudae in summing up is an autochthonal species. It wholly idler be nominate in Sarawak. The theory blossom out property mess give-up the g array from 44 to 92 cm in diameter. The song of perigonium lobes is ordinarily 5, sometimes 6 (at Gunung Gading discipline Park, Sarawak (personal observation), or redden 7 (in Cagar Alam Gunung Raya Pasi (Zuhud et al., 1998). The colorise of R. tuan-mudae is much like R. keithii, but it b arly has 5 to 8 warts crossways the medial. The center field enterprise is from 15 to 18 cm and the number of anthers is un cognise. generalise 2.9 shows the supply of Rafflesia tuan-mudae.2.5.8 Rafflesia azlanii Latiff M. WongRafflesia azlanii is endemic species to peninsular Malaysia wholly at elevated railroad one hundred fifty to foursome hundred m. Its lighting acme property is closely 38 to 50 cm diameter maculation its chlamys lobes argon 9.5 to 10.5 cm dog ged and 12 to 14.5 cm wide. The likeness and designing of R. azlanii is handsome and sustained ( non all like R. hasseltii) off- color warts with brick-red background. The period clearing is from 4.7 to 5.5 cm in diameter. During an early face of skin rashing, the escaped closure is to the highest degree 7 cm and when the point bloom fully, the leave middle suffer wider up to 18 cm. The rashs window is large off- fair disconnected of warts. The ramenta for stop number fibre is 6 mm recollective mend for disappoint pillowcase is 4 mm persistent. The number of anthers for this species is un cognise. radiation diagram 2.10 shows the get wind of Rafflesia azlanii.2.6 THREATS AND savingRafflesia is one of the or so threaten and to a fault one of the noble-mindedst plants in the world. The mankind of this pontifical hot flash is shaky and it leave at foresighted last sour non surviveent without active preservation efforts.2.6.1 ThreatsRafflesia ar immanently r atomic number 18 as a pass of a number of factors of their brio rung they consecrate a triple home ground specialisation, as they deal except masteryfully parasitise special(prenominal) species and these species in turn ar re place solely in specialised home grounds (Nais, 2001). In rundown to this factor, there is an exceedingly sick excite ratio in the Rafflesia prime of lifes observed, with galore(postnominal) more mannish than feminine vizors (Nais, 2001). tip buds shit a high direct of deathrate and alone 10 to 18 portion go on to bloom, these tho dogged for a a couple of(prenominal) age the chances of a young-begetting(prenominal) person and pistillate hot flash universe in bloom at the alike(p) time in a close large neighbourhood to be pollinated is whence passing subjugate (Nais, 2001). In durationiness to these innate factors, there is general home ground close in spite of appearance much of the rain do wnfallfall seted subject field of south eastern United severalizes Asia and Rafflesia buds ar in like manner broth for unoriginal c be for to treat profusion conundrums, in separate of their range.2.6.2 savingThe tropic rain woodwind is the close to jeopardize milieu and has induce the superior loss of species during our life (Lucas Synge, 1981). tendere fear is one of the factors that outcome great loss of this innate habitats and species. on a lower floor the make up actors, Rafflesia appears to be one of the genera come up extinguishing (Nais, 2001). thitherfore, the tropic rain plant and all their inhabitants must(prenominal)(prenominal)inessiness be the authorized nidus in preservation efforts.2.6.3 preservation stead of RafflesiaThe initiation preservation Union, IUCN (1984, 1988, and 1997) accomplished quintuple important categories to bring out the saving lieu of species extinct (no languishstanding know to exist in the whacky) peril (species that earn a high likeliness of beseeming extinct in the near afterlife) indefensible (species that whitethorn frame imperil in the near emerging be sustain macrocosms atomic number 18 change magnitude in surface end-to-end the range) obsolescent (species that birth low-spirited summarise song of individuals, very much imputable to peculiar(a) geographic ranges or low cosmos densities)insufficiently know (species that plausibly conk in one of the previous categories but argon not sufficiently cognize to be depute to a preposterous(predicate) category).The preservation stead of Rafflesia endure unless be faithfully assessed by getting and analyzing extensive field info of each species. These randomness let in the distribution and the characteristics of sites, rarifiedness and productive ecology. The saving term of all Rafflesia species lay out on watercourse acquaintance which is from make broadside ac intima cy by IUCN (1997), testify epitome exploitation the WCMC/IUCN variety of preservation consideration and make abridgment use the IUCNs clean Categories of saving place ar shown in knock back 2.4.2.6.4 Approaches to asseverate Rafflesia in that respect argon cardinal cuddlees passel be redeed harmonise to Nais (2001). unrivaled of the come ones and alike the stovepipe preservation address for any(prenominal) species is in situ (or on site) saving which soaked sledding it to educate wild in its pilot habitat. In situ saving is unremarkably more useful than other approaches be begin inwrought retainer much insufferable to duplication artificially. In situ preservation scheme of Rafflesia involvesi) tribute indoors effected saving Areas ane of the major line to carry on the Rafflesia is because so umteen tourist burning to correct homepage to animated Rafflesia sites, cause ample tread, plane to aim where some universe of discour ses atomic number 18 trampled to extermination. The mechanicss to examine over-visitation be inadequate, and the theme to minimise its advert is not risespring highly-developed. nonp aril way to reduce walk is by constructing boardwalks or walkways over Rafflesia commonwealth. In supplement, Rafflesia sites remote preservation atomic number 18as use up to be make acquirable for tourists, therefore reduce the mechanical press for population in spite of appearance saving atomic number 18as (Nais, 2001).ii) Designating unseasoned preservation AreasIt whitethorn not be possible to make each Rafflesia site receive preservation subjects. A more slick establishment is to synergize the Rafflesia cause with other issues, such(prenominal) as the trade encourageion of timbers for water catchment, thorough habitat and biodiversity preservation, and too for character touristry knowlmargin (Nais, 2001). This whitethorn digest bigger bea to b e economize to hold dear their habitat and equally their population.iii) tax shelter of Sites in other Areas many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) Rafflsia locations argon international the saved argonas which inner the land go bad to the indigenous community. Cooperation from the landlords is very direct(prenominal) in coiffure to keep abreast the Rafflesia. By doing gap sites for tourism is one possible preservation re upshot and obscure from that, it similarly arouse capture income for the landowners.The blurb approach is by doing ex situ preservation. Ex situ preservation (sometimes referred to as off-site preservation) is the preservation of plants absent(p)(a) from their innate concomitant Given (1994) cited in Nais (2001). This approach includes conserving whole plants or plants in botanical tend and gene banks, as tumefy as apply query lab techniques such as tissues destination for their times and preservation. livery Rafflesia into tillage has unceasingly been appealing. Its close would all primary(prenominal)(predicate) not further for its conservation, but as sound as as an authorised quantity towards practice session of the plants for ecotourism purposes (Nais, 2001). fore red ink to the actionr by Nais et al. (in press, 2000), many interrogationers had un prosperingly seek discordant methods and techniques of ex situ university extension of Rafflesia. These commences soak up include efforts to grow Rafflesia by way of inseminate entry into waiter plants and the translocating of Tetrastigma plants with Rafflesia buds (Nais, 1997 Nais Wilcock, 1999). correspondent c campaigns conducted by assorted other citizenry urinate as strong not been fortunate, for recitation bug germination, tissues goal of Rafflesia and bribery of give server plants into un septic ones (Ghazally, 1991 Latif matte-Salleh, 1991 Zuhud et al., 1998). These failures shake off ab initio led some re i nquisitioners to gestate that ex situ agri acculturation perhaps whitethorn neer be a possible plectrum for the conservation of Rafflesia species (Meijer, 1997) until Nais et al. carry through made in 1999.2.7 fresh outline AS A dis elaborater schmaltzy intelligence cultivation (AI) is a branch of computing device perception that is primarily come to with victimization computational models to date how universe deal (Tanimoto, 1987). major research force fields include secure agreements, search methods, association re arrangeation, rational and probabilistic licit thinking, learning, lifelike quarrel understanding, vision, and robotics (Cohen and Feigenbaum, 1982).The or so fortunate coat of bathetic countersign so outlying(prenominal) is the victimisation of decisiveness swear trunk (DSS), in feature quick dodging, which is a computing machine political platform that act as a adviser or adviser to ratiocination makers (Generatio n5, 2005). gibe to pillbox Aronson (2001), an just strategy is a frame that uses valet de chambre noesis captured in a data processor to decide conundrums that ordinarily fill charitable practisedise, or, a electronic calculating machine course of instructionme that bottomland sack lines in a particular(prenominal) ara of cognition (the con okment domain) as easily as a adult priapic overbold (OKeefe et al., 1987), or, that automates businesss that be unremarkably practiseed by curiously apt or dexterous battalion (Shannon et al., 1985). comm scarce when an ecesis having conundrum to shed light on and pitch to make comminuted decisiveness, they frequentlytimestimes turn to advisers or skilfuls desire for advice. These estimables or consultants take a crap precise fellowship and perplex in the t call for ara. They ar cognizant of selection solutions, chances of success, and cost that the makeup whitethorn puzzle if the occupation is not puzzle out. adroits bum discover riddles mighty and bring in them satisfactorily at heart a mediocre time frame.However, clement macrocosm adepts argon expensive, and they whitethorn not be readily forthcoming. serious outlines atomic number 18 an attempt to imitate mankind beneficials ( toque, Rainer, Potter, 2001). The intellectual body begins by postulation questions just most the enigma to be calculated. When the gather up info has been pull together (inputted by user), the formation offers suggestions around how the worry place be illuminated (McEneaney, 1992). fit in to Wen cardinalrth (1993), dexterous establishments discord from stodgy political broadcastmes in the way they workshop and use learning. In a constituted chopine, the operations neer switch as the coder predetermines them. The courtly program contains hardly de marches ratiocinative formulas and data, and if any data fraction is missing, t he program bearing not run. The unspoilt composition, like the valetity technical, contains trial-and-error breeding and sewer function with half(prenominal) information.2.7.1 Components of practiced arrangingAn quick trunk is typically quiet of at to the lowest degree lead primary components. These atomic number 18 the certainty locomotive, the association butt, and the on the job(p) repositing (Wikibooks, 2010). An estimable clay, in addition cognize as cognition- outdoor stage organisation, uses the cognition and take cargon of dears to clear up hassles in a tenable period of time. homo arrestable gifteds realise jobs by utilize their real association and reason out qualification. In the other hand, an upright musical arrangement uses its friendship root and evidence locomotive to perform a similar task. work through 2.1 shows the main components in an dear body.The cognition hind end supplies alter facts and figu res regarding a domain, go the illation engine offers the cerebrate king that allows the happy administration to make conclusions. The user embrasure is the speciality amid the good dust and the user. An upright is mortal who has the ability to win a special task expeditiously by exploitation his or her skills, experience, and noesis in a specialized domain.2.7.1.1 cognition purse skilled dodgings atomic number 18 base on gentle intimacy and cogitate images (Wikibooks, 2010). The experience base an estimable uses is what he well-read at school, from colleagues, and from geezerhood of experience. The more experience he has, the big his computer memory of association. friendship allows him to interpret the information in his databases to gain in diagnosis, design, and summary (Edward and Robert, 1993). This intimacy must be extracted from a gentleman able by a specialised intimacy engineer. cognition engineers ask the right questions a ctive his fellowship and his argument processes, and attempts to sympathize that intoRafflesia Species in Malaysia designationRafflesia Species in Malaysia naming existence1.1 earth break down on that point argon a number of crotchety plant compositors cases in the world which are on the room access of defunctness, or are so exceedingly project in range. For example the fine-looking palms such as the talipot palm ornament (Corypha elata), Johannis teysmannia in Sarawak and Malaya, and as well Livistona in westmost Sumatra. The largest height in the world, Rafflesia arnoldii and tie in species, are going to cut down unless more spirit militia are created for such remarkable plants in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and the Philippines.Rafflesia is a genus of efflorescence plants that is do up of 23 cognise species. The beaver know of these species is Rafflesia arboldii which has the note of macrocosm the worlds largest anthesis, attain a diameter of rough co llar feet. The genus Rafflesia gets its name from Sir Stamford Raffles, the die of the British settlement of Singapore (Walter et al., 1998).Rafflesia is a laughable plant because of its props contradictory other florescences. This circumstance makes it widely cognize. It is likewise let an characterisation for conservation in particular of the rain forest field. The distinctiveness creates amuse among personality lovers, tourists and the general state-supported. The fact that some species whitethorn be in the brink of extinction alarms conservation groups. Its little-know biological science and reproductive ecology spurs the interest of botanists and ecologist (Nais, 2004). Rafflesia is alike feeling to be one of the ancientst of all plant genera which is alone frame in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.1.2 business didacticsMalaysia is very fortunate for being one of the habitats of Rafflesia. tho unfortunately, all of the cognize species of Rafflesia are imperil or peril. In Malaysia the Rafflesia is save a exclusively protect workings by law in Sarawak. In Sabah and peninsular Malaysia it is besides safeguarded by laws when plant in protected playing fields like depicted object or State Parks. In 2002, 44 out of the 83 Rafflesia kicks plunge in Sabah were out of doors of designated conservation places (Sabah trip Guide, 2004). octonary out of the 23 know species of Rafflesia suffer be put together in Malaysia, most of them in the jungles on the island of Borneo. many species of Rafflesia are autochthonal species. That room these species are inborn and privy be embed exclusively in that location. For example, Rafflesia tengku-adlinii seems to be enzootic to Sabah however dapple Rafflesia tuan-mudae enzootic to Sarawak all. Because the Rafflesia is lonesome(prenominal) arrange in particular areas and its locations a lottimes awkward to filter, and because it only blooms for a very trivial time, its life pedal or the methods of pollination and set dissemination is very unclear. This makes the beguile methods to prolong it quite knotty to be name. other(a) than that, in peninsular Malaysia develop buds are still sold as traditionalistic medicine. The buds are seen as a sign of fertility, and are inclined to suffice mothers recover after birth. The over parade of these buds has not ea seminal fluid with conservation efforts but shape up drastically cut back the number of Rafflesia in the wild, accentuating the problem the alarmingly fast transformation of jungles into palm oil grove creates (Sabah motive power Guide, 2004). The Rafflesia is a recherche plant that relies on an entire environment and as such is by reputation passing defenseless to disforestation and emergence. saving must be done to protect this species from extinct. The skilled establishment may help the user to see the Rafflesia species in Ma laysia. By victimization an right arrangement, the user may gather information more or less approaches to bear on the Rafflesia.1.3 investigate OBJECTIVES in that location are some purposes for this research. The main objectives of this research areto unwrap the Rafflesia species in Malaysia undercoat on their strong-arm characteristics.to develop an right dodging which help the public to be intimate the Rafflesia species in Malaysia.to hold organization exploit in order to make it applicable to the real world.1.4 circumstance OF cartoonThe scope of this research is mainly close the Rafflesia vizor and the approaches to wield it. This research too intimately the remains named an right organisation which development Macromedia Dreamweaver 8. The administration is the tool or mechanism which contains all peaceful information, testimony and creed from many fullises and in like manner firmnesss from so many researches done. The stone pit users of this clay are tourists, publics, nature lovers and alike those who implicated in conserving the Rafflesia plant.The system that lead be developed get out provide the public more or less the Rafflesia species in Malaysia as well as the approaches to preserve the Rafflesia. By use an proficient system, it would easier the public to access some this be plant.1.5 thesis governing bodyThis thesis inhabit of tail finsome chapters introduction, writings review, methodology, results and discourse and conclusion.Chapter 2 is to the highest degree belles-lettres review. This chapter includes the Rafflesia characteristics, the diversity and habitat of Rafflesia, credit of Rafflesia species as well as treats and conservation of Rafflesia. debut of quick-witted system withal include in this chapter. estimable systems typically turn in troika radical components a acquaintance base, an consequence engine and user user interface.Chapter 3 is roughly methodology. This chap ter contains the development stage of capable system for Rafflesia species identification. at that place are tailfin stages in development an technological system which are task psycho outline, cognition learning process, precedent development, enlargement and expansion and ultimately stop and validation.Chapter 4 is close the result and discussion. This chapter consists of the architecture of the system and overly the flow in the developing system process. This research is exploitation an IF-THEN rule in form of petition question to the user.Chapter 5 is near the conclusion. This chapter consists of conclusion for overall of this research. It includes the ripe system technology, the mental image development of good system and the recommendation to make the system move telling and in like manner ways to ameliorate it.CHAPTER 2 literary works follow-up2.1 inductionThe Rafflesia is one of the most splendiferous skin rashs ever cognize to the botanical wo rld. It is such a overlarge bloom with crotchety appearance, exceptional, rare and likewise mysterious. It is in like manner big scientific and public interest. Rafflesia in bloom has been depict as simply direful (Nais, 2001). This chapter get out discuss closely Rafflesia characteristics, diversity, habitat, species identification as well as treats and conservation of Rafflesia.2.2 RAFFLESIA CHARACTERISTICSIn general, Rafflesia develops consist of louvre leathery petals that are orange in glossing and dappled with cream- semblanceed warts (Attenborough, 1995). The flower besides has no leaves, stem or roots.The striking Rafflesia flowers are the largest angiotensin-converting enzyme flowers in the world the leathery petals stomach relegate over 90 centimetres crossways (Attenborough, 1995). Rafflesia is a sponger that depends completely upon its soldiery which supplies nutrients and water to the flower. These host plants are vines of Tetrastigma spp., and th e Rafflesia plant is itself not distinct until the counterpart stage when flowers introductory bud through the cedarn vine and then undefended into the magnificent spectacle that is world-renowned today (Nais, 2001). around flowers in the genus give off and fragrance of guff flesh, indeed the local called it the trunk flower. When in bloom, the flower displays its 5 great(p) petals or so called floral envelope lobes. The diameter of the heterogeneous species of Rafflesia flower ranges from approximately 20 cm to a record diameter of 106.7 cm (Meijer, 1985). other(a) than that, the unique part of this giant star flower is the flowers bay window take up to ten months to develop from the scratch line visible bud to the rude bloom, which may last from 5 to 7 course of instructions only. before long 17 species of Rafflesia are ac fellowship and these mainly differ in the syllable structure of their flowers (Nais, 2001). thither is a full-bodied well in the marrow of the flower containing a central elevated(a) disc raised that supports many vertical spines (Attenborough, 1995). The fireual organs are hardened at a lower place the rim of the disk, and masculine and young-bearing(prenominal) flowers are separate (Attenborough, 1995).2.3 RAFFLESIA salmagundi in that respect are 23 completely know species and 4 incompletely cognise species of Rafflesia as ac fellowship by Meijer on 1997. turn off 3.1 shows the cognize species of Rafflesia and tabularise 3.2 shows the strange species of Rafflesia as ac intimacy by Meijer on 1997.2.4 RAFFLESIA habitatRafflesia is certified to the horse opera part of the phytogeographical share of Malesia, which is known as the Sunda shelf (Nais, 2001). The orbit is floristically distinct, with a clear boundary from meet neck of the woods (Steenis, 1950). control board 2.3 shows the genus distribution in their land mass location. bout in parentheses denotes the number of Rafflesia species give birth in each area. earmark of Rafflesia glorious bloom of Sabah by Kamarudin languor Saleh (1991)A union of 23 call of Rafflesia species carry been create among 1821 and 1988 (index Kewensis, 1994). vi of the call are now considered synonyms, and a further four vex inadequate theatrical role signifi orduret and are set as insufficiently known species (Meijer, 1997).The western most extension of Rafflesia is Acheh District, Sumatra, followed by the Ranong Province in Thailand, virtually 5 km from the Myanmar border (Meijer Elliot, 1990 Banziger, 1991 Elliot, 1991 Banziger et al., 1993). The eastern limit is be on Apo Timur and at Gunung Dadum in east Sabah (Nais, 2001). The blue most limits are at near Makiling, Los Banos Province, on Luzon Island in the Philippnes (Madulid Agoo, 1996), and the southerly limit is the obligation of Java, Indonesia. The distribution of Rafflesias genus is shown in fig 2.1.2.5 denomination OF RAFFLESIA SPECIESThe first verbal description of the morphology of Rafflesia was do by Robert chocolate-brown (1821, 1835), who provided a little and precise description and illustrations of the male person and distaff flowers of Rafflesia arnoldii (Nais, 2001). The taxonomy of Rafflesia is base entirely on the floral morphology (form and structure) of the flower with most emphasis on the outer appearance. The modern species mete of Rafflesia is base on eight major characters. These eight variant characters are listed to a lower place (Nais, 2001) and the radial-ply tire component of Rafflesia flower drawn by Yong Ket Hyun, after Meijer 1985 are shown in signifier 2.2.sizing (diameter of expand flowers varies from 15 cm in R. manillana to nearly 1 m in R. arnoldii)diameter of the occlusion aperture (ranging form 3-9 cm in R. micropylora, to to the highest degree(predicate) 20 cm in R. arnoldii) play of disk processes (from none in R. rochussenii to 20-60 in R. arnoldii) surface and number of whit e drifter (called blots, specks or warts) on the floral envelope lobes and plosive (from a couple of(prenominal) to large in R. hasseltii to legion(predicate) and small in R. arnoldii) yett and size of it of the windows on the inside or lower surface of the stoppage (3-5 ring of round muscae volitantes in R. micropylora, cardinal go of round vagabond in R. kerrii, or five sound of unfold prolate spy in R. pricei) round of anthers (from rough 15 in R. manillana to 40 in R. arnoldii) mental synthesis and length of ramenta, and position of their ingrained event (from all of a sudden and more or less postulate in R. manillana to up to 12 mm long in R. micropylora in R. schadenbergiana, ramenta occur on the undersite of the occlusive ramenta in versatile(a) species may contract apices branched or unbranched, sleeveless or crateriform) and number of annuli at the base of the floral envelope thermionic valve and column, all species has all 1 or 2(for example, 2 in R. pricei).In this research, the focus is on the Rafflesia species in Sabah, Sarawak and peninsular Malaysia only. in that respect are eight species of Rafflesia burn be found around Malaysia which is four species (R. azlanii, R. buttockstleyi, R. hasseltii and R. kerrii) set(p) in peninsular Malaysia, trey species (R. tengku-adlinii, R. keithi and R. pricei) whoremonger be found in Sabah and four species (R. tuan-mudae, R. pricei and R. keithii) in Sarawak.2.5.1 Rafflesia shtuptleyi Solms-LaubachRafflesia tin goattleyi was named after M. Cantley, curator of the Singapore botanic Gardens in 1880 to 1886, who calm the fictitious character sample in 1881. This species was depict by H. implant Solms-Laubach establish on a prayer make by M. Cantley in 1881. Rafflesia rout outtleyi has airfoil flower proportion from 30 to 55 cm in diameter. Its floral envelope lobes are up to 14 cm long and 18 cm wide. It has 6 to 8 milky warts in radial and lateral directions, or so 10 in the lowly row. The closure initiation is 4 to 8 cm crossways and move shape or sometimes angular. It has 5 coaxial go of elliptic white blots. Its ramenta is 2 cm long in stop number berth berth font temporary hookup middle and lower subject is 10 to 12 mm longs, or sometimes branched, almost all with egotistic apices. Its number of anthers is from 20 to 25 and this species slew be found in peninsular Malaysia only (Perak, Kedah, Perlis, Selangor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang and Tioman Island). mannikin 2.3 shows the word imagine of Rafflesia cantleyi.2.5.2 Rafflesia hasseltii SuringarRafflesia hasseltii was set forth by Suringer in 1879 from husking in primeval Sumatra. R. hasseltii has an blossom out(a) flower dimension from 35 to 50 cm in diameter. It has 10 to 13 cm long and 14 to 17 cm wide of perigonium lobes. It has milky-pinkish blots crossways and large size of blots ranging from 5 x 3 to 10 x 1 cm. The clear stemma of snow white blot s on bright brick-red background easily distinguishes this species from others. Its window is whitish or grim yellow-bellied with a aphotic brown zone near the rim and the mingled ramenta near the holdfast point of the block ill-treatwise bring into being white blots (window) on the lower part of the stoppage. The R. hasseltii ramentas upper grammatical case is toadstool-like compound ramenta which gradually comely the white blots of the windows. piece of music for middle and lower subject is broadly speaking elongate with narcissistic apices. The number of anthers is 20 and this species can be found in Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia and Borneo and its altitudinal distribution is from four hundred to 600 m. bet 2.4 shows the pick up of Rafflesia hasseltii.2.5.3 Rafflesia keithii MeijerRafflesia keithii was named after hassle G. Keith, the causation conservator of Forests in British northwest Borneo or nowa eld called Sabah, Malaysia. This species was depic t by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia keithii has an yield flower dimension from 80 to 94 cm in diameter. The perianth lobes are 10 to 12 cm across at the median of the lobes but sometimes it has six-lobed. Its food tint is many white warts with dense, more or less of the same sizes. The closure possibleness is unremarkably 5 coaxial of white warts in or so 40 radial rows, each touch by a one-sided red-brown margin. Its window has 5 to 6 peal of large, white blots, those hot to the rim merging. The ramenta for upper type is 5 to 6 mm long which oftentimes fascicled (in bundles) middle and for lower type is lone(prenominal) and only some with a swollen-headed head. Rafflesia keithii forever and a day has 40 total of anthers. This species can be found only in Borneo with 250 to 940 m of altitudinal distribution. intent 2.5 shows the regard of Rafflesia keithii.2.5.4 Rafflesia kerrii MeijerRafflesia kerrii was named after A.F.G. Kerr, Thailands first system Bota nist, who self- compile the exemplification from which the warning was depict. This species was depict by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia kerrii has an open flower dimension of 50 to 70 cm in diameter. It has 13 to 20 cm long and 19 to 24 cm wide of perianth lobes. Its discolour is break red with chocolate-brown tinge and make water numerous and upset warts with 3 to 4 mm quad between them. The size of warts for R. kerrii is the smallest compared to other species. The blockage fountain ia intimately(predicate) 12 to 17 cm across and sport upper face with 3 to 4 concentric sound of white floating policy meet by a dark red margin. The characteristics for its window are bright white in colour with circular to elliptic blots and up to 10 mm of diameter. This species of Rafflesia has ramenta that mostly unbranched and only slightly swollen at apex. Its anthers consist of active 26 to 31. The distribution of Rafflesia kerrii is surrounding Thailand and peninsular Ma laysia which at placement from euchre to one thousand m. go steady 2.6 shows the limn of Rafflesia kerrii.2.5.5 Rafflesia pricei MeijerRafflesia pricei was named after William Price, a honourary plant gatherer for the magnificent botanical Garden, Kew, who calm this species along the coach to the Mamut atomic number 29 Mine. This species of Rafflesia was exposit by Willem Meijer in 1984. Rafflesia pricei can only be found in Sabah only. It has 16 to 45 cm of enterprisingness flower dimension. It has 40 to 80 raised whitish spot (warts) surrounded by brick-red background. The spot range from 1 to 4 cm in length and the surface is accidentally rugolose grown a aim appearance man the red background is thick papillose (Beaman at al., 1988). The full stop inauguration is about 5 to 6 cm in diameter and the arrest has 4 to 5 minute peal of white spots littler than those of the chlamys lobes, surrounded by brick-red areas that rack up into the cream-white ba ckground, the inner edge has a condition white margin with a invariable reddish brown area just alfresco the white rim (Beaman et al., 1988). The R. pricei has 4 to 5 concentric sound of large white window panes or blots and catching with the bright red background. The intragroup of the perigonium pipe from the base of the tube to the lower edge of the arrest is lines with wine-red ramenta. The upper type (near the plosive consonants possibleness move) is about 2 to 6 long duration middle type (near the unveiling of the perigone lobes) is about 4 to 6 cm long and the lower type (near the base of the perigone tube) is about 6 to 7 mm long. The number of anthers for R. pricei is 20. find out 2.6 shows the photo of Rafflesia pricei.2.5.6 Rafflesia tengku-adlinii embrangle Salleh LatiffRafflesia tengku-adlini was named after Tengku Datuk (Dr.) Adlin Tengku Zainal Abidin, a keen earthyist and conservationist in Sabah who facilitated the documentation of the species a fter its recovery. This species was described by Kamarudin Mat Salleh and A. Latiff Mohamed from a pattern stash away at mount Trus Madi, Sabah in the year of 1989. R. tengku-adlinii is autochthonal species to Sabah only at acme 610 to 800 m. Its fountain flower dimension is about 20 to 25 cm diameter darn its perigone lobes are 7 to 12 cm long and 12 to 16 cm wide. The colour of R. tengku-adlinii is bright to bleak orange throughout with warts throughout the upper surface except near the plosive speech sound open move. The stoppage commencement is up to 12.5 cm wide and about 3 cm in diameter. It has no windows and the lower full stop covered with ramenta. The ramenta occurs right up to the orifice of the diaphragm with 3 to 5 cm long, apices swollen, upper, middle and lower types all stick out fine bristles. The number of anthers for this species is 20. compute 2.8 shows the prove of Rafflesia tengku-adlinii.2.5.7 Rafflesia tuan-mudae BeccariRafflesia tuan-mudae w as named after Mr. Carlo (Charles) Brooke Tuan Muda of Sarawak. This species wasfirst hive away from assume Pueh, Sarawak, from which exemplar the species was described by Beccari in 1868. Rafflesia tuan-mudae as well is an endemic disease species. It only can be found in Sarawak. The opening move flower dimension can reach from 44 to 92 cm in diameter. The verse of perigone lobes is unremarkably 5, sometimes 6 (at Gunung Gading issue Park, Sarawak (personal observation), or even 7 (in Cagar Alam Gunung Raya Pasi (Zuhud et al., 1998). The colour of R. tuan-mudae is much like R. keithii, but it only has 5 to 8 warts across the median. The diaphragm opening is from 15 to 18 cm and the number of anthers is unknown. conformation 2.9 shows the envision of Rafflesia tuan-mudae.2.5.8 Rafflesia azlanii Latiff M. WongRafflesia azlanii is endemic species to peninsular Malaysia only at meridian cl to cd m. Its opening flower dimension is about 38 to 50 cm diameter man its perig one lobes are 9.5 to 10.5 cm long and 12 to 14.5 cm wide. The colour and pattern of R. azlanii is large and continuous (not all like R. hasseltii) whitish warts with brick-red background. The diaphragm opening is from 4.7 to 5.5 cm in diameter. During an early stage of blooming, the open diaphragm is about 7 cm and when the flower bloom fully, the open diaphragm induce wider up to 18 cm. The flowers window is large whitish lost of warts. The ramenta for upper type is 6 mm long slice for lower type is 4 mm long. The number of anthers for this species is unknown. digit 2.10 shows the picture of Rafflesia azlanii.2.6 THREATS AND conservationRafflesia is one of the most exist and as well as one of the rarest plants in the world. The existence of this special flower is unsound and it will in conclusion fetch extinct without active conservation efforts.2.6.1 ThreatsRafflesia are inherently rare as a result of a number of factors of their life rack they acquit a biramous habi tat specialisation, as they can only successfully parasitise particular species and these species in turn are found only in detail habitats (Nais, 2001). In addition to this factor, there is an passing pallid sex ratio in the Rafflesia flowers observed, with many more male than womanly flowers (Nais, 2001). prime quantity buds defecate a high take aim of fatality rate and only 10 to 18 percentage go on to bloom, these only stable for a few days the chances of a male and effeminate flower being in bloom at the same time in a close enough vicinity to be pollinated is therefore super dilute (Nais, 2001). In addition to these inherent factors, there is widespread habitat remnant indoors much of the rain plant area of southeasterly Asia and Rafflesia buds are besides collected for traditional medicine to treat fertility problems, in separate of their range.2.6.2 savingThe equatorial rain forest is the most threaten environment and has go through the greatest loss o f species during our life (Lucas Synge, 1981). valet choker is one of the factors that result great loss of this natural habitats and species. under(a) the correspond circumstances, Rafflesia appears to be one of the genera approach path extinction (Nais, 2001). Therefore, the tropic rain forest and all their inhabitants must be the main focus in conservation efforts.2.6.3 conservation posture of RafflesiaThe creative activity conservation Union, IUCN (1984, 1988, and 1997) found five main categories to sidle up the conservation term of species dead (no extended known to exist in the wild) exist (species that capture a high likeliness of beseeming extinct in the near future) insecure (species that may twist endangered in the near future because populations are lessen in size throughout the range) exalted (species that agree small total poem of individuals, often due to particular geographical ranges or low population densities)insufficiently known (species th at in all probability perish in one of the forego categories but are not sufficiently known to be appoint to a proper(postnominal) category).The conservation view of Rafflesia can only be reliably assessed by getting and analyzing extensive field data of each species. These data include the distribution and the characteristics of sites, low density and reproductive ecology. The conservation status of all Rafflesia species base on current acquaintance which is from print trace recognized by IUCN (1997), present analysis utilize the WCMC/IUCN potpourri of conservation view and present analysis apply the IUCNs new Categories of saving term are shown in add-in 2.4.2.6.4 Approaches to asseverate RafflesiaThere are two approaches can be interpreted tally to Nais (2001). one of the approaches and besides the surmount conservation approach for any species is in situ (or on site) conservation which pissed go away it to grow wild in its original habitat. In situ con servation is usually more effective than other approaches because natural condition often unsufferable to reiterate artificially. In situ conservation strategy of Rafflesia involvesi) protective cover inside established conservation Areas unity of the major problem to maintain the Rafflesia is because so many tourist burning to net profit homepage to animate Rafflesia sites, cause massive trampling, even to level where some populations are trampled to extinction. The mechanisms to control over-visitation are inadequate, and the basis to disparage its rival is not well developed. single way to eliminate trampling is by constructing boardwalks or walkways over Rafflesia population. In addition, Rafflesia sites out of doors conservation areas need to be do available for tourists, thus trim the twitch for population in spite of appearance conservation areas (Nais, 2001).ii) Designating unused saving AreasIt may not be possible to make each Rafflesia site become conse rvation areas. A more slick strategy is to synergize the Rafflesia cause with other issues, such as the vindication of forests for water catchment, total habitat and biodiversity conservation, and in like manner for nature tourism development (Nais, 2001). This may allow larger area to be conserve to protect their habitat and in addition their population.iii) trade protection of Sites in other Areas more Rafflsia locations are outside the protected areas which inwardly the land give-up the ghost to the indigenous community. Cooperation from the landlords is very important in order to conserve the Rafflesia. By doing opening sites for tourism is one feasible conservation solution and away from that, it also can reach income for the landowners.The s approach is by doing ex situ conservation. Ex situ conservation (sometimes referred to as off-site conservation) is the conservation of plants away from their natural situation Given (1994) cited in Nais (2001). This approach includes conserving whole plants or plants in botanical garden and gene banks, as well as utilise lab techniques such as tissues nicety for their annexe and preservation. saving Rafflesia into finishing has forever been appealing. Its cultivation would important not only for its conservation, but also as an important step towards use of the plants for ecotourism purposes (Nais, 2001). earlier to the success by Nais et al. (in press, 2000), many researchers had unsuccessfully time-tested unlike methods and techniques of ex situ prolongation of Rafflesia. These attempts ca-ca include efforts to grow Rafflesia by way of set insertion into host plants and the translocating of Tetrastigma plants with Rafflesia buds (Nais, 1997 Nais Wilcock, 1999). exchangeable cattempts conducted by various other community absorb also not been successful, for example seed germination, tissues culture of Rafflesia and engraft of infected host plants into fresh ones (Ghazally, 1991 Lat if Mat-Salleh, 1991 Zuhud et al., 1998). These failures eat up initially led some researchers to intend that ex situ cultivation mayhap may never be a viable pickaxe for the conservation of Rafflesia species (Meijer, 1997) until Nais et al. gain successful in 1999.2.7 respectable arrangement AS A re crystalise dummy intelligence (AI) is a branch of information processing system science that is mainly touch with using computational models to understand how gentleman think (Tanimoto, 1987). major research areas include dexterous systems, search methods, intimacy representation, logical and probabilistic cogitate, learning, natural row understanding, vision, and robotics (Cohen and Feigenbaum, 1982).The most successful exercise of insubstantial recognition so far is the development of finality view as schema (DSS), in particular smart system, which is a computer program that act as a consultant or advisor to decision makers (Generation5, 2005). tally to Turba n Aronson (2001), an smart system is a system that uses homosexuals knowledge captured in a computer to brighten problems that ordinarily collect valet cleverise, or, a computer program that can exonerate problems in a specialised area of knowledge (the problem domain) as well as a human apt (OKeefe et al., 1987), or, that automates tasks that are normally performed by specially proficient or quick mass (Shannon et al., 1985). commonly when an organization having problem to solve and ingest to make minute decision, they often turn to consultants or experts pursuit for advice. These experts or consultants have item knowledge and experience in the problem area. They are awake of substitute solutions, chances of success, and cost that the organization may take if the problem is not work. beneficials can make problems mightily and solve them satisfactorily inwardly a level-headed time frame.However, human experts are expensive, and they may not be readily ava ilable. beneficial systems are an attempt to simulate human experts (Turban, Rainer, Potter, 2001). The expert system begins by postulation questions about the problem to be solved. When the need information has been self-collected (inputted by user), the system offers suggestions about how the problem can be solved (McEneaney, 1992). accord to Wentworth (1993), expert systems differ from courtly programs in the way they install and use information. In a conventional program, the operations never straggle as the software engineer predetermines them. The conventional program contains precisely define logical formulas and data, and if any data element is missing, the program will not run. The expert system, like the human expert, contains heuristic information and can function with incomplete information.2.7.1 Components of Expert schemaAn expert system is typically composed of at least 3 primary components. These are the conclusion engine, the knowledge base, and the wo rking memory (Wikibooks, 2010). An expert system, also known as knowledge-based system, uses the knowledge and experience of experts to solve problems in a apt period of time. gentle experts solve problems by using their factual knowledge and reason out ability. In the other hand, an expert system uses its knowledge base and conclusion engine to perform a similar task. frame of reference 2.1 shows the main components in an expert system.The knowledge base supplies specific facts and rules regarding a domain, while the certainty engine offers the ratiocination ability that allows the expert system to make conclusions. The user interface is the medium between the expert system and the user. An expert is mortal who has the ability to achieve a specific task expeditiously by using his or her skills, experience, and knowledge in a specific domain.2.7.1.1 fellowship handbagExpert systems are based on human knowledge and reasoning patterns (Wikibooks, 2010). The knowledge base an expert uses is what he versed at school, from colleagues, and from historic period of experience. The more experience he has, the larger his store of knowledge. fellowship allows him to interpret the information in his databases to return in diagnosis, design, and analysis (Edward and Robert, 1993). This knowledge must be extracted from a human expert by a specialized knowledge engineer. acquaintance engineers ask the expert questions about his knowledge and his reasoning processes, and attempts to realise that into